Compositions for treatment of vascular disease

ABSTRACT

Provided are various embodiments relating to compositions and methods for treating vascular disease, including core NOX1 promoters and variants thereof for regulating expression of transgenes in response to vascular pathology and allowing for increased transgene loading capacity. Also provided are variant FOXP polypeptides having a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a different FOXP polypeptide. Further provided are vectors comprising the core NOX1 promoters and/or a coding sequence for variant FOXP polypeptides described herein and optionally coding sequence(s) for one or more additional therapeutic polypeptide(s), such as IL10, for treating inflammation-associated diseases, such as vascular disease. Also provided is a screening model for testing therapeutic agents capable of treating established and ongoing atherosclerotic pathology.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/078,163, filed Oct. 23, 2020, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/013,869, filed Apr. 22, 2020, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for any purpose.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled 2020-10-19_01258-0001-00US-T1 ST25.txt created Oct. 19, 2020, which is 50 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating vascular disease, and potentially other inflammation-associated diseases such as asthma, diabetes, arthritis, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, macular degeneration, age-related diseases, etc. The present disclosure also relates to promoters for regulating expression of transgenes in response to vascular pathology, including core NOX1 promoters and variants thereof described herein. The present disclosure further relates to vectors and expression systems comprising a core NOX1 promoter described herein, including, for example, AAV vectors having increased loading capacity for expressing multiple proteins. The present disclosure further relates to variant FOXP polypeptides having a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a different FOXP polypeptide. In addition, the present disclosure relates to nucleic acids, vectors, and expression systems encoding FOXP polypeptides described herein and methods of using the same (e.g., gene therapy methods), for example regulated expression of FOXP polypeptides. The present disclosure also relates to a treatment model for establishing atherosclerotic pathology prior to administering a therapeutic agent to identify those capable of treating established as well as preventing ongoing atherosclerotic pathology.

BACKGROUND

Some disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease, are caused by mutations in a single gene. Multifactorial disorders, on the other hand, are not caused by a single genetic cause and are much more complex. Multifactorial disorders or conditions, such as heart disease, inflammation, cancer, dementia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, are likely influenced by multiple genes (polygenic) in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors.

The field of gene therapy has experienced recent successes in the treatment of single-gene disorders. Gene therapy generally involves using a carrier (e.g., a virus) to deliver a therapeutic gene (or genes) to target cells for expression of the encoded therapeutic agent(s) for the treatment and/or prevention of a disease or condition. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a preferred gene therapy vector because of its proven gene delivery effect, low immunogenicity, and apparent lack of pathogenicity. The generation and use of recombinant AAV to carry and deliver foreign genes into cells, animals, and humans was made possible by foundation work involving AAV molecular biology (Batchu R B, et al., 1995; Cao M, et al., 2014; Hermonat P L, et al., 1984a, 1984b, 1996, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c, 1998, 2014; Labow M A, et al., 1986; LaFace D, et al., 1988), and the first AAV-based gene delivery conducted in 1984 (Hermonat P L, et al., 1984b, 2014). However, AAV's limited 4.7 kb packaging capacity restricts the size and number of promoter elements and coding sequences that can be incorporated into a single vector. Hermonat P L, et al., 1997c. For instance, the inverted terminal repeats and support sequences, such as multiple cloning sites and poly A sequences, alone can take up about 500-600 bp. Hence, there is a need to develop AAV vectors that can deliver multiple genes for the treatment and/or prevention of multifactorial disorders.

AAV is capable of infecting a large range of host cells (both dividing and quiescent) and persisting in an extrachromosomal state without integrating into the genome of the host cells. As a result, AAV delivery of highly active therapeutic genes under the control of a constitutive promoter (e.g., a CMV promoter) can cause unwanted expression of a therapeutic protein in non-target cells. As a result, regulated promoters that respond to specific stimuli are preferred to control the in vivo expression profile of therapeutic genes. Hence, there is a need to develop small regulated promoters that are responsive to stimuli characteristic of the disease or condition being treated, and/or that are responsive to stimuli characteristic of a particular target cell type.

High cholesterol (characteristic of high lipid diets) has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease), diabetes, and high blood pressure. Other multifactorial disorders, such as obesity, fatty liver disease, cancer, and age-related memory loss, may also be associated with high-lipid diets. The additive effects of a high-lipid diet, including elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), also referred to as oxidative stress, may accumulate slowly over time resulting in delayed diagnosis of the high-lipid associated disorder(s). Gregersen S, et al., 2012. For example, atherosclerosis, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels involving the gradual buildup of fatty material on the inner wall of arteries and infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages causing restricted blood flow. Macrophages penetrate past the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, localize on blood vessel walls, take up (or internalize) oxidized-low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and other lipids through scavenger receptors, and retain the lipid in vesicles. These lipid-laden cells or “foam cells” are a major component of plaque. Unfortunately, high-lipid associated vascular pathologies (such as atherosclerosis) may go undiagnosed until the subject suffers a stroke or heart attack.

There is a need to develop an appropriate animal model of high-lipid associated disorders to test in vivo which therapies may be capable of treating, reducing, and/or reversing the additive and long-term effects resulting from high-lipid diets. For example, prior animal studies using the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mouse (LDLR-KO) involve introducing the gene therapy vector on or near the same day that the animals are placed on a high cholesterol diet (HCD). Cao M, et al., 2015; Zhu H, et al., JTM 2014; Zhu H, et al., Plos One 2014; Cao M, et al., 2011; Khan J A, et al., 2011; Khan J A, et al., 2010; Dandapat A, et al., BBRC, 2007; Dandapat A, et al., Gene Ther, 2007; Liu Y, et al., 2005. However, because it takes time for a HCD to induce atherosclerotic pathology, the prior model of administering the vector and starting the HCD at the same time cannot test whether the vector is capable of treating, reducing, and/or reversing significant and established atherosclerotic pathology. A treatment model more realistic of the long-term clinical pathology observed with high-lipid associated disorders is needed for developing effective therapies.

Exemplary promoters, therapeutic proteins, vectors (including multi-gene vectors), therapeutic methods, and clinically-relevant animal models for treatment and prevention of high-lipid associated disorders are disclosed herein.

Unlike prior models, the treatment models described herein involve establishing atherosclerotic pathology prior to administering a therapeutic agent (such as a gene therapy vector) to identify therapeutic agents capable of treating, reducing, and/or reversing established as well as preventing ongoing atherosclerotic pathology.

Also described herein are AAV vectors capable of expressing multiple therapeutic genes, such as anti-inflammatory genes, in the presence of a high-lipid environment. For example, core NOX1 promoters were identified and developed to include additional transcriptional elements while maintaining a size small enough for AAV packaging capacity of multiple coding sequences. As described herein, an exemplary core NOX1 promoter was shown to regulate expression of two anti-inflammatory proteins, an exemplary chimeric human FOXP3/FOXP1 polypeptide and human IL10, in the presence of a high-lipid environment. The therapeutic construct was packaged into an AAV vector and tested in the animal model of established atherosclerotic pathology described herein. High resolution ultrasound measurement of systolic blood velocity, lumen cross sectional area, and wall thickness coupled with histological analysis showed significantly less vascular pathology in the AAV-FOXP3(P1)-IL10-treated mice compared to the control vector-treated mice.

SUMMARY

Embodiment 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter and a heterologous nucleic acid molecule, wherein the NOX1 core promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3.

Embodiment 2. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 1, wherein the NOX1 core promoter is less than 600 nucleotides, less than 550 nucleotides, less than 500 nucleotides, less than 480 nucleotides, or less than 470 nucleotides.

Embodiment 3. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising at least one heterologous NFκB binding site.

Embodiment 4. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 3, wherein the at least one heterologous NFκB binding site comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, and/or SEQ ID NO: 20.

Embodiment 5. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 3 or embodiment 4, wherein the at least one NFκB binding site comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.

Embodiment 6. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five heterologous NFκB binding sites.

Embodiment 7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising at least one heterologous Oct1 binding site.

Embodiment 8. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 7, wherein the at least one Oct1 binding site comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21.

Embodiment 9. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five Oct1 binding sites.

Embodiment 10. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

Embodiment 11. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 4.

Embodiment 12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 and a heterologous nucleotide sequence.

Embodiment 13. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.

Embodiment 14. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

Embodiment 15. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 13 or embodiment 14, comprising a heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

Embodiment 16. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid molecule comprises a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding an anti-inflammatory molecule or reporter protein.

Embodiment 17. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 16, wherein the anti-inflammatory molecule is a wildtype or variant FOXP3 polypeptide and/or IL10.

Embodiment 18. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of embodiment 17, wherein the wildtype or variant FOXP3 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 or SEQ ID NO: 28.

Embodiment 19. An isolated variant FOXP polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of a first FOXP polypeptide, wherein a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the first FOXP polypeptide has been replaced with a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a second FOXP polypeptide.

Embodiment 20. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of embodiment 19, wherein:

a) the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP3 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide, a FOXP2 polypeptide, or a FOXP4 polypeptide;

b) the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP2 polypeptide, a FOXP3 polypeptide, or a FOXP4 polypeptide;

c) the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP2 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide, a FOXP3 polypeptide, or a FOXP4 polypeptide; or

-   -   d) the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOX4 polypeptide and the         second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide, a FOXP2         polypeptide, or a FOXP3 polypeptide.

Embodiment 21. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of embodiment 19 or embodiment 20, wherein the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP3 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide.

Embodiment 22. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 21, wherein the zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the second FOXP polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

Embodiment 23. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 22, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.

Embodiment 24. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 23, wherein the polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.

Embodiment 25. An isolated polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.

Embodiment 26. An isolated nucleic acid comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 or SEQ ID NO: 34.

Embodiment 27. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 25.

Embodiment 28. An isolated contiguous nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first therapeutic polypeptide and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second therapeutic polypeptide, wherein the first therapeutic polypeptide comprises the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 25.

Embodiment 29. The isolated nucleic acid of embodiment 28, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is downstream of the first nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 30. The isolated nucleotide of embodiment 28, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence is downstream of the second nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 31. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 28 to 30, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is a signaling protein, such as a cytokine, a growth factor, or a chemokine.

Embodiment 32. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 28 to 31, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is an IL10 polypeptide.

Embodiment 33. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 28 to 32, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31.

Embodiment 34. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 28 to 33, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence and/or the second nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to a first promoter.

Embodiment 35. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 28 to 34, wherein the second nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to a second promoter.

Embodiment 36. The isolated nucleic acid of embodiment 35 or embodiment 35, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is a constitutive promoter.

Embodiment 37. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 36, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, a phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) promoter, a human β-actin promoter, or a chicken β-actin promoter and CMV early enhancer.

Embodiment 38. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 37, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is a regulated promoter.

Embodiment 39. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 38, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is a tissue-specific promoter or a pathology-specific promoter.

Embodiment 40. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 39, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is activated by sheer stress and/or dyslipidemia.

Embodiment 41. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 40, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter is activated by Angiotensin-2 (Ang II), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), and/or carbamylated LDL.

Embodiment 42. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 34 to 41, wherein the first promoter and/or the second promoter comprises the nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 1 to 15.

Embodiment 43. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 26 to 42, comprising a TATA box between the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence.

Embodiment 44. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 26 to 43, comprising at least one polyadenylation sequence.

Embodiment 45. The isolated nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 26 to 44, comprising adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats.

Embodiment 46. A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45.

Embodiment 47. The vector of embodiment 46, wherein the vector is a virus vector. Embodiment 48. The vector of embodiment 46 or embodiment 47, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, an adenovirus vector, a retrovirus vector, a herpesvirus vector, or a pox virus vector.

Embodiment 49. The vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 48, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector.

Embodiment 50. The vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 49, wherein the vector is an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector having a capsid serotype selected from the group consisting of AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, and any variant thereof.

Embodiment 51. A cultured host cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45, the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 24, or the vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 50.

Embodiment 52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45, the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 24, the vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 50, or the cultured host cell of embodiment 51.

Embodiment 53. A method comprising administering to a subject the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45, the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 24, the vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 50, the cultured host cell of embodiment 51, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 52.

Embodiment 54. A method of treating a subject comprising administering to the subject the nucleic acid molecule of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45, the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 24, the vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 50, the cultured host cell of embodiment 51, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 52.

Embodiment 55. The method of embodiment 53 or embodiment 54, wherein the subject has a vascular disease and/or a cardiovascular disease.

Embodiment 56. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 55, wherein the subject has an inflammation-associated disease.

Embodiment 57. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 56, wherein the subject has an age-associated disease.

Embodiment 58. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 57, wherein the subject has atherosclerosis.

Embodiment 59. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 58, wherein the subject has arthritis, such as psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and/or gouty arthritis.

Embodiment 60. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 59, wherein the subject has dementia.

Embodiment 61. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 60, wherein the subject has Alzheimer's disease.

Embodiment 62. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 61, wherein the subject has asthma.

Embodiment 63. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 62, wherein the subject has macular degeneration of the retina.

Embodiment 64. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 63, wherein the subject has arterial disease of the aorta, carotid artery disease, coronary artery disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and/or diabetes mellitus.

Embodiment 65. A method of screening a therapeutic agent comprising:

a) maintaining a low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) or Apo E knockout animal (such as a mouse or rat) on a high cholesterol diet; and

b) administering a therapeutic agent to the animal no earlier than 56 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet.

Embodiment 66. The testing method of embodiment 65, wherein the method further comprises:

c) assessing the blood flow velocity, cross-sectional area of the aorta lumen, and/or the aortic wall thickness of the animal by ultrasound imaging.

Embodiment 67. The testing method of embodiment 65 or embodiment 66, wherein the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 63 days, no earlier than 70 days, no earlier than 77 days, no earlier than 84 days, no earlier than 91 days, or no earlier than 98 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet.

Embodiment 68. The testing method of any one of embodiments 65 to 67, wherein the therapeutic agent is the nucleic acid of any one of embodiments 1 to 18 or any one of embodiments 26 to 45, the variant FOXP polypeptide of any one of embodiments 19 to 24, the vector of any one of embodiments 46 to 50, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 51.

Embodiment 69. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 68, wherein the nucleic acid, the variant FOXP polypeptide, the vector, the cultured host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the therapeutic agent is administered to the subject or the animal once.

Embodiment 70. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 69, wherein the nucleic acid, the variant FOXP polypeptide, the vector, the cultured host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the therapeutic agent is administered to the subject or the animal every other day, weekly, or monthly.

Embodiment 71. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 70, wherein the nucleic acid, the variant FOXP polypeptide, the vector, the cultured host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the therapeutic agent is administered to the subject or the animal via intravenous injection, arterial injection, intramuscular injection, or injection into a section of ligated artery or vein.

Embodiment 72. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 71, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid, the variant FOXP polypeptide, the vector, the cultured host cell, the pharmaceutical composition, or the therapeutic agent is administered to the subject or the animal.

Embodiment 73. The method of any one of embodiments 53 to 72, wherein the vector is administered to the subject or the animal at a dose of 1×10¹⁰ encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹¹ encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹² encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹³ encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹³ encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹² encapsidated genomes, 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² encapsidated genomes, or 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ encapsidated genomes.

Additional objects and advantages will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice. The objects and advantages will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the claims.

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one (several) embodiment(s) and together with the description, serve to explain the principles described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A provides expression levels of FoxP3 mRNA by Quantitative RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) in immortal, tissue culture A7R5 rat smooth muscle cells transfected with pSV40-Neo and CMV-FoxP3 expression plasmids and selected with G418.

FIG. 1B shows expression levels of TGFβ by Q-RT-PCR in A7R5 rat smooth muscle cells expressing FOXP3.

FIG. 1C shows expression levels of IL10 by Q-RT-PCR in A7R5 rat smooth muscle cells expressing FOXP3.

FIG. 2A shows relative expression levels of FLAG under the control of the eNOX1 promoter in the presence of increasing concentrations of Angiotensin-2 (Ang II) compared to an untransfected control.

FIG. 2B shows relative expression levels of FLAG under the control of the eNOX1 promoter in the presence of increasing concentrations of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) compared to an untransfected control.

FIG. 2C shows relative expression levels of FLAG under the control of the eNOX1 promoter in the presence of increasing concentrations of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) compared to an untransfected control.

FIG. 3A shows expression of FLAG-mCherry in HEK 293 cells under the control of the CMV promoter and an untransfected control.

FIG. 3B shows relative expression of FLAG-mCherry in HEK 293 cells transfected with NOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry and treated with increasing concentrations of Ang II.

FIG. 3C shows relative expression of FLAG-mCherry in HEK 293 cells transfected with NOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry and treated with increasing concentrations of LPS.

FIG. 3D shows relative expression of FLAG-mCherry in HEK 293 cells transfected with NOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry and treated with increasing concentrations of ox-LDL.

FIG. 4A shows the design of an in vivo expression experiment in the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mouse, as described in Example 3. Three groups of LDLR-KO mice were used in the 20-week experiment. Group 1 (n=12) was a negative control group of untreated LDLR-KO mice maintained on a normal diet (ND) from day 0 to week 6 (n=5), week 12 (n=4), or week 20 (n=3). Groups 2 and 3 received AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry on day 0, followed by two booster injections at an interval of approximately 2 days. Group 2 (n=14) was a second negative control group and received the ND from day 0 to week 6 (n=4), week 12 (n=4), or week 20 (n=6). Group 3 (n=15) received a high cholesterol diet (HCD) from day 0 to week 6 (n=4), week 12 (n=4), or week 20 (n=7).

FIG. 4B shows the design of an in vivo therapeutic effect experiment in the LDL-KO mouse, as described in Example 6. Three groups of LDLR-KO mice were used in a 20-week study. Group 1 was a negative control group of untreated LDLR-KO mice maintained on a normal diet (ND) from day 0 to week 20 (n=3). Groups 2 and 3 each received the HCD diet from day 0 through week 20. At week 12, Group 2 received the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector (disease positive control) (n=9) and Group 3 received the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector (experimental group) (n=9), followed by two booster injections at an interval of approximately 2 days.

FIG. 5A is a schematic illustrating an increase of disease progression and gene expression over time in LDLR-KO mice fed a high cholesterol diet and following injection with eNOX1 promoter vector.

FIG. 5B shows immunofluorescence staining for FLAG in liver of HCD-fed and ND-fed LDLR-KO mice following injection of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks post-injection (20× and 60× magnifications). The tissue was counterstained with DAPI.

FIG. 5C shows a Western blot for FLAG in liver tissue of HCD-fed and ND-fed LDLR-KO mice following injection of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry at 20 weeks post-injection. Detection of mouse β-actin served as a loading control.

FIG. 5D shows a Western blot for FLAG in liver tissue of HCD-fed and ND-fed LDLR-KO mice following injection of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry. Results are shown for ND-fed mice at 6 weeks post-injection and for HCD-fed mice at 6, 12, and 20 weeks post-injection. Detection of mouse β-actin served as a loading control.

FIG. 5E shows results of densitometric analysis of the Western blot analysis shown in FIG. 5C. Data are expressed as mean±SD (*P<0.05).

FIG. 5F shows results of densitometric analysis of the Western blot analysis shown in FIG. 5D. Data are expressed as mean±SD (*P<0.05).

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustrating eNOX1pr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10 (SEQ ID NO: 34), a three-component expression construct totaling 2675 nucleotides and comprising the eNOX1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4), FOXP3(P1) coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 29), and a human IL10 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 32).

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustrating an animal treatment model of existing and ongoing vascular pathology involving first establishing disease progression by maintaining a LDLR-KO mouse on a HCD and then subsequently administering a therapeutic vector (e.g., AAV.eNOXpr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10) some weeks to months later. High resolution ultrasound may be used to monitor disease progression and treatment.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B show qRT-PCR analysis of FoxP3(P1) mRNA in liver tissue (FIG. 8A) and heart tissue (FIG. 8B) of LDLR-KO mice that were maintained on a HCD beginning at day 1, administered AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 or AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry at week 12, and harvested at week 20. FoxP3(P1) expression was normalized to expression of GAPDH.

FIG. 8C and FIG. 8D show qRT-PCR analysis of IL10 mRNA in liver tissue (FIG. 8C) and heart tissue (FIG. 8D) of LDLR-KO mice that were maintained on a HCD beginning at day 1, administered AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 or AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry at week 12, and harvested at week 20. FoxP3(P1) expression was normalized to expression of GAPDH.

FIG. 9A shows concentration of total plasma cholesterol at 20 weeks for LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 9B shows concentration of triglycerides at 20 weeks for LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 9C shows concentration of low-density lipoprotein at 20 weeks for LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 9D shows concentration of high-density lipoprotein at 20 weeks for LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 10A shows weight at 20 weeks among LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 10B shows levels of alanine aminotransferase at 20 weeks among LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 10C shows levels of aspartate aminotransferase at 20 weeks among LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 10D shows levels of alkaline phosphatase at 20 weeks among LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 10E shows levels of albumin at 20 weeks among LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 11A shows images of representative aortas stained with Oil Red 0 from LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 11B shows enlarged images of the aortic arch region of the Oil Red 0-stained aortas shown in FIG. 11A.

FIG. 11C shows images of Oil Red 0 and H&E stained histologic sections of representative aortas from LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 11D shows images of H&E stained histologic sections of representative aortas from LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector.

FIG. 12 shows high-resolution ultrasound imaging and systolic blood velocity in the aortic arch of LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector. (*P<0.05).

FIG. 13 shows high-resolution ultrasound imaging and systolic blood velocity in the abdominal region of the aorta of LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector. *P<0.05.

FIG. 14 shows high-resolution ultrasound imaging and cross-sectional area of the thoracic region of the aortas of LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector. *P<0.05.

FIG. 15 shows high-resolution ultrasound imaging and wall thickness of the aorta arch region of LDLR-KO mice fed a normal diet or fed a high cholesterol diet and administered at 12 weeks either the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector. *P<0.05.

DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN SEQUENCES

Table 1 provides a listing of certain sequences referenced herein.

TABLE 1 Description of Certain Sequences SEQ ID NO: SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION 1 gttttccatatttaaaagtagtaaattggataccatacatgaa 5′ flanking sequence aatcagctccaggtggattcaaaacataaatgtaaaatgcaaa of human NOX1 aatataaaatttctagaagaaaatataaaagagtatcttgata gene tctgggtagtgatggatttctaaaacaagacataaaatgcata Nucleotides 1-2027 aatcataaaagaaatgactggtaatcagagtgcattaaaatta of GenBank agaacttccatttatcagaaaacactattaagagactgaaaag Accession No. acaagccataaacataagcaataaaagattagtataagattat DQ314883 .1 aaacagaaccctaagaatctaaaagcaaaagaaaaaccaatag aaagatagaccaaaaagtagaataggctcagaataggctcttt taaaaagagaaaactcaaatggccagcagttgaattaaaagat gctcaaactcattagtaatcagggaaatgcaaattaaaatcat aatacgatagttttccacacttacttgaattataaaaacaaaa aagtctggaaaataccaagggttggtaagcatgtagaggaagt agaactctcattcataactctctgtagtatacatttaggtggt cacttcggaacgggtttggaattacacagcaaagtagaatatg tgcaaatctcaggaccctggaattttactcctgggtatatacc ttagagaaactgtagcatatgtgtgacattcgatcaacattgt tccatcatcatatccatcagtagtaggatgaatgaatacatta atgtatattcattcatgcaatggcatattagatagcagtgtaa gtgaaccgcaattacatgtacatgtatgaatctcaaaaaccca atgttgaaagaagcaaaccacagaagcatacatacacactgcc aggtttcatttacaaaaagttcaaaaacaggaaaaactaaaca atatattgcttagggatgcaattatagttagtaaaaatataaa gaaaaataacagaatgattaccccaaatttcaggatagtgatt acatccggtggggtagaggaggggaagaagatagatgtgatca gggagggaaatacaaagagctttaagatactggagaaaaatag tctattttctttaatctgagtagtgaacacatagatacttatt ccttaaaattattctttaagttacatatgtatgttttatatac tcttctgtgtatatttcaccattttagaaaagggaaaaaaaat cagtgcccagagctgaacacacaactctagtaaatctatcata ctagaagacaatcatctccattcttttgagtgctctgcctctg tttattttgaaccaaagtgcacttttatacttgttaaattttc tcttgctctatttggcccttcttttcacttgtccttccagcca gtcaagttctccccaaagccatcatcatatatgtcaaccacag atcatcctccaggggaactggtatgctaaagtttctgagctag ccaggctgaaatccaaatggcagccggcagatgtggcaacagt ttgaaaagtgcactttgaaacagcttccttaccacacacgctt ccctccctacttctcctgaagtaatctgtttacagacccagac taataatcttttttatgagaaactttagcaaatcttttatcta ggaaggcaatgcttcacattaggtcatgttgataagatgatga gagagaatattttcatccaagaatgttgctatttcctgaagca gtaaaatccccacaggtaaaacccttgtggttctcatagatag ggctggtctatctaagctgatagcacagttctgtccagagaag gaaggcagaataaacttattcattcccaggaactcttggggta ggtgtgtgtttttcacatcttaaaggctcacagaccctgcgct ggacaaatgttccattcctgaaggacctctccagaatccggat tgctgaatcttccctgttgcctagaagggctccaaaccacctc ttgaca 2 tttgaaacagcttccttaccacacacgcttccctccctacttc Exemplary human tcctgaagtaatctgtttacagacccagactaataatcttttt NOX1 core promoter tatgagaaactttagcaaatcttttatctaggaaggcaatgct tcacattaggtcatgttgataagatgatgagagagaatatttt catccaagaatgttgctatttcctgaagcagtaaaatccccac aggtaaaacccttgtggttctcatagatagggctggtctatct aagctgatagcacagttctgtccagagaaggaaggcagaataa acttattcattcccaggaactcttggggtaggtgtgtgttttt cacatcttaaaggctcacagaccctgcgctggacaaatgttcc attcctgaaggacctctccagaatccggattgctgaatcttcc ctgttgcctagaagggctccaaaccacctcttgaca 3 tttgaaacagcttccttaccacacacgcttccctccctacttc Exemplary variant tcctgaagtaatctgtttacagacccagactaataatcttttt human NOX1 core tatgagaaactttagcaaatcttttatctaggaagg c caatgc promoter ttcacattaggtcatgttgataagatgatgagagagaatattt tcatccaagaatgttgctatttcctgaagcagtaaaatcccca caggtaaaacccttgtggttctcatagatagggctggtctatc taagctgatagcacagttctgtccagagaaggaaggcagaata aacttattcattcccaggaactcttggggtaggtgtgtgtttt tcacatcttaaaggctcacagaccctgcgctggacaaa t tgtt ccattcctgaaggacctctccagaatccggattgctgaatctt ccctgttgcctagaagggctccaaaccacctcttgaca tgaac gcgtgccacc 4 gagga ggggattccc aagatcgagga ggggattccc aagatcg Exemplary variant agga ggggattccc aagatc aaaagt atgcaaat ccctgaaaa NOX1 core promoter agt atgcaaat ccctgatttgaaacagcttccttaccacacac with three NF-κB gcttccctccctacttctcctgaagtaatctgtttacagaccc binding sequences agactaataatcttttttatgagaaactttagcaaatctttta (italic, underlined) tctaggaaggccaatgcttcacattaggtcatgttgataagat and two Oct1 binding gatgagagagaatattttcatccaagaatgttgctatttcctg sequences (bold, aagcagtaaaatccccacaggtaaaacccttgtggttctcata underlined) at the 5′ gatagggctggtctatctaagctgatagcacagttctgtccag end agaaggaaggcagaataaacttattcattcccaggaactcttg “eNOX1 promoter” gggtaggtgtgtgtttttcacatcttaaaggctcacagaccct gcgctggacaaattgttccattcctgaaggacctctccagaat ccggattgctgaatcttccctgttgcctagaagggctccaaac cacctcttgacatgaacgcgtgccacc 5 gggrnyyycc, wherein r is a purine, y is a Exemplary consensus pyrimidine, and n is any nucleotide sequence of an NF- κB binding site 6 ggrrnnyycc, wherein r is a purine, y is a Exemplary consensus pyrimidine, and n is any nucleotide sequence of an NF- κB binding site 7 rggrnnhhyyb; wherein r is a purine; y is a Exemplary consensus pyrimidine; h is an adenine, a cytosine, or sequence of an NF- a thymine; b is a guanine, thymine, or κB binding site cytosine; and n is any nucleotide 8 ggggatyccc, wherein y is a pyrimidine Exemplary consensus sequence of an NF- κB binding site 9 gggrntttcc, wherein n is any nucleotide Exemplary consensus sequence of an NF- κB binding site 10 nggnnwttcc, wherein w is an adenine or a Exemplary consensus thymine; and n is any nucleotide sequence of an NF- κB binding site 11 gggrnnyycc, wherein r is a purine, y is a Exemplary consensus pyrimidine, and n is any nucleotide sequence of an NF- κB binding site 12 ggggaatcccc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 13 ggggactttcc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 14 agggggatctg Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 15 agggaagtta Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 16 ctggggattta Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 17 gggaattccc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 18 gggaatttcc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 19 ggggattccc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κB binding site 20 gaggaggggattcccaagatc Exemplary sequence of an NF-κKB binding site 21 atgcaaat Exemplary sequence of an Oct1 binding site 22 gaggaggggattcccaagatcgaggaggggattcccaagatcg eNOXpr-3xFLAG- aggaggggattcccaagatcaaaagtatgcaaatccctgaaaa mCherry agtatgcaaatccctgatttgaaacagcttccttaccacacac gcttccctccctacttctcctgaagtaatctgtttacagaccc agactaataatcttttttatgagaaactttagcaaatctttta tctaggaaggccaatgcttcacattaggtcatgttgataagat gatgagagagaatattttcatccaagaatgttgctatttcctg aagcagtaaaatccccacaggtaaaacccttgtggttctcata gatagggctggtctatctaagctgatagcacagttctgtccag agaaggaaggcagaataaacttattcattcccaggaactcttg gggtaggtgtgtgtttttcacatcttaaaggctcacagaccct gcgctggacaaattgttccattcctgaaggacctctccagaat ccggattgctgaatcttccctgttgcctagaagggctccaaac cacctcttgacatgaacgcgtgccaccatgtctgactataaag accatgatggggactacaaagaccatgatatagattacaaaga cgatgatgacaaaatggttagcaagggggaggaagacaatatg gccataattaaagaattcatgcgcttcaaagttcacatggaag gaagcgtgaacggacatgagttcgagatagaaggcgagggcga ggggcggccctatgagggaacgcagactgctaaactgaaggtt actaaaggtggccctcttcctttcgcatgggacatcctgtctc cgcagttcatgtatggatccaaggcatatgttaagcatccggc tgatataccagattacctcaaattgagctttcctgaagggttt aagtgggaaagggtcatgaactttgaagacggtggagttgtga cagttacacaggattcatcacttcaggacggtgagtttatata caaggttaaacttaggggaactaattttccttccgacggcccc gtcatgcagaaaaaaaccatggggtgggaggcgagctccgagc ggatgtacccagaggatggagcactgaagggcgaaataaaaca gcgactgaaattgaaagacggaggtcactatgatgcagaagtt aagacgacatacaaggccaaaaagccagttcagttgccgggtg catataacgtcaatatcaagctggacattacatcccacaatga ggattatacgatagtggagcagtatgagcgggcagaagggcgg cactccacaggaggaatggacgaactctataaatgacccacca gccttgtcctaataaaattaagttgcatcattttgtttgacta ctcgagcccctgca 23 MSDYKDHDGDYKDHDIDYKDDDDKMVSKGEEDNMAIIKEFMRF 3xFLAG-mCherry KVHMEGSVNGHEFEIEGEGEGRPYEGTQTAKLKVTKGGPLPFA amino acid sequence WDILSPQFMYGSKAYVKHPADIPDYLKLSFPEGFKWERVMNFE DGGVVTVTQDSSLQDGEFIYKVKLRGINFPSDGPVMQKKTMGW EASSERMYPEDGALKGEIKQRLKLKDGGHYDAEVKTTYKAKKP VQLPGAYNVNIKLDITSHNEDYTIVEQYERAEGRHSTGGMDEL YK 24 MPNPRPGKPSAPSLALGPSPGASPSWRAAPKASDLLGARGPGG Exemplary wildtype TFQGRDLRGGAHASSSSLNPMPPSQLQLPTLPLVMVAPSGARL human FoxP3 amino GPLPHLQALLQDRPHFMHQLSTVDAHARTPVLQVHPLESPAMI acid sequence SLTPPTTATGVFSLKARPGLPPGINVASLEWVSREPALLCTFP NCBI Ref Sequence: NPSAPRKDSTLSAVPQSSYPLLANGVCKWPGCEKVFEEPEDFL NP_054728.2 KHCQADHLLDEKGRAQCLLQREMVQSLEQQLVLEKEKLSAMQA HLAGKMALTKASSVASSDKGSCCIVAAGSQGPVVPAWSGPREA PDSLFAVRRHLWGSHGNSTFPEFLHNMDYFKFHNMRPPFTYAT LIRWAILEAPEKQRTLNEIYHWFTRMFAFFRNHPATWKNAIRH NLSLHKCFVRVESEKGAVWTVDELEFRKKRSQRPSRCSNPTPG P 25 EKGRAQCLLQREMVQSLEQQLVLEKEKLSAPIQAHLAGK Exemplary human FOXP3 zinc finger and leucine zipper region 26 MMTPQVITPQQMQQILQQQVLSPQQLQVLLQQQQALMLQLQQL Exemplary wildtype WKEVTSAHTAEETTGNNHSSLDLTTTCVSSSAPSKTSLIMNPH human FoxP1 ASTNGQLSVHTPKRESLSHEEHPHSHPLYGHGVCKWPGCEAVC sequence EDFQSFLKHLNSEHALDDRSTAQCRVQMQVVQQLELQLAKDKE GenBank: RLQAMMTHLHVKSTEPKAAPQPLNLVSSVTLSKSASEASPQSL AF146698.2 PHTPTTPTAPLTPVTQGPSVITTTSMHTVGPIRRRYSDKYNVP ISSADIAQNQEFYKNAEVRPPFTYASLIRQAILESPEKQLTLN EIYNWFTRMFAYFRRNAATWKNAVRHNLSLHKCFVRVENVKGA VWTVDEVEFQKRRPQKISGNPSLIKNMQSSHAYCTPLNAALQA SMAENSIPLYTTASMGNPTLGNLASAIREELNGAMEHTNSNES DSSPGRSPMQAVHPVHVKEEPLDPEEAEGPLSLVTTANHSPDF DHDRDYEDEPVNEDME 27 DRSTAQCRVQMQVVQQLELQLAKDKERLQAMMTHLHVK Exemplary human FOXP1 zinc finger and leucine zipper region 28 MPNPRPGKPSAPSLALGPSPGASPSWRAAPKASDLLGARGPGG Exemplary TFQGRDLRGGAHASSSSLNPMPPSQLQLPTLPLVMVAPSGARL FOXP3(P1) amino GPLPHLQALLQDRPHFMHQLSTVDAHARTPVLQVHPLESPAMI acid sequence SLTPPTTATGVFSLKARPGLPPGINVASLEWVSREPALLCTFP FOXP1 zinc finger NPSAPRKDSTLSAVPQSSYPLLANGVCKWPGCEKVFEEPEDFL and leucine zipper KHCQADHLLDDRSTAQCRVQMQVVQQLELQLAKDKERLQAMMT region underlined HLHVKMALTKASSVASSDKGSCCIVAAGSQGPVVPAWSGPREA PDSLFAVRRHLWGSHGNSTFPEFLHNMDYFKFHNMRPPFTYAT LIRWAILEAPEKQRTLNEIYHWFTRMFAFFRNHPATWKNAIRH NLSLHKCFVRVESEKGAVWTVDELEFRKKRSQRPSRCSNPTPG P 29 atgccgaatccccggccaggcaagcccagtgccccgtcacttg Exemplary cccttgggcctagtcctggggcttcaccatcctggcgagctgc FoxP3(P1) nucleotide acctaaggcatctgacctcttgggggcacgaggaccgggcggg sequence acgtttcagggaagggaccttagaggcggagctcatgcaagct FoxP1 zinc finger cttcttcactgaacccgatgccgccgagtcagttgcaactccc and leucine zipper cacactcccactcgtaatggtggcgccctctggcgcaagactc region underlined ggacctctcccacacctgcaagccctcttgcaggacagaccac acttcatgcaccaactttcaacggttgacgcacacgcacggac accagtgctgcaagttcatccacttgaatcccctgccatgatc agcctgacaccgcctactaccgcgacaggtgtcttttctttga aagcgaggcctggattgccacctggcatcaatgtggcgtccct ggagtgggtttcccgcgaacctgctctcctgtgcacatttcca aacccgagtgcgccgcgaaaagatagtacgttgtccgcagtac ctcagagctcatatccacttttggcaaacggtgtgtgtaaatg gcctggatgcgaaaaagtattcgaagagccggaggactttttg aaacattgccaagctgaccacctgctcgatgatcggtcaaccg cgcaatgcagggtgcaaatgcaagttgtacaacagctcgaatt gcagttggcgaaggacaaggagaggctgcaagcaatgatgacc catcttcatgttaaaatggccctgaccaaggcaagctctgttg caagctccgacaaaggctcttgctgtatcgtagcggcgggatc tcaaggaccggtcgtcccagcgtggagtggccctcgggaagcc cctgatagtcttttcgccgtgagacgccacctgtggggcagcc atggaaactccacttttcctgaatttttgcacaatatggacta ctttaagttccataacatgcgccccccgtttacatacgcgacg ctcatccggtgggcaatcttggaagcgcctgaaaaacaacgaa ccttgaacgagatatatcattggttcacgcgaatgttcgcttt cttcagaaatcacccggctacttggaagaatgccataagacac aatctttctctccataaatgctttgtaagggtcgagtccgaaa aaggggcagtatggactgttgacgagctggagtttcggaaaaa gcggtcacaacgcccgtcaagatgctcaaaccctaccccaggc ccttga 30 ttagataaaggctgtctccgcgcctatataaaactcttgtttt Exemplary mini- tcttttttctctatcagttcatttgtagcatcttaatttacta promoter TATA box tccttctactatcagttgccgccgccgtcgacgccacc nucleotide sequence 31 MHSSALLCCLVLLTGVRASPGQGTQSENSCTHFPGNLPNMLRD Exemplary human LRDAFSRVKTFFQMKDQLDNLLLKESLLEDFKGYLGCQALSEM IL10 amino acid IQFYLEEVMPQAENQDPDIKAHVNSLGENLKTLRLRLRRCHRF sequence LPCENKSKAVEQVKNAFNKLQEKGIYKAMSEEDIFINYIEAYM UniProtKB TMKIRN Accession No. P22301 32 atgcactcttctgcacttctgtgctgcctcgtgctcctgacag Exemplary human gtgtcagggcgagtcccggtcagggtacgcaatctgaaaactc IL10 nucleotide ctgcacccactttccggggaatttgcccaacatgctgagggat sequence ctgagagacgctttcagccgcgttaagacattcttccagatga aagatcagctcgataatcttctgttgaaagagtcactgcttga ggattttaaagggtatttggggtgccaggctctgtcagaaatg atacagttctatctcgaagaggtgatgcctcaagcggagaacc aagatccagacataaaggctcacgttaattccttgggcgagaa tctgaaaaccctgaggcttaggctgagacgctgtcatcgcttc ttgccctgtgaaaacaaatccaaagcggtagagcaggtcaaaa atgcctttaataagctgcaagagaaggggatatataaggcaat gtctgagtttgatatctttataaactatatagaagcttacatg acaatgaaaattcggaattag 33 ttaattgaggggccgggctcgagtgcctaataaaaaacattta Exemplary 5′ ttttcattgccccctgcagaagctttaaaccggttatcgataa sequence including tcaacctc polyadenylation (poly A) sequence 34 ggggttcctgcggccgcacgcgtctgcagcccatgcatgagga Exemplary ggggattcccaagatcgaggaggggattcccaagatcgaggag eNOX1pr- gggattcccaagatcaaaagtatgcaaatccctgaaaaagtat FoxP3(P1)-IL10 gcaaatccctgatttgaaacagcttccttaccacacacgcttc nucleotide sequence cctccctacttctcctgaagtaatctgtttacagacccagact aataatcttttttatgagaaactttagcaaatcttttatctag gaaggccaatgcttcacattaggtcatgttgataagatgatga gagagaatattttcatccaagaatgttgctatttcctgaagca gtaaaatccccacaggtaaaacccttgtggttctcatagatag ggctggtctatctaagctgatagcacagttctgtccagagaag gaaggcagaataaacttattcattcccaggaactcttggggta ggtgtgtgtttttcacatcttaaaggctcacagaccctgcgct ggacaaattgttccattcctgaaggacctctccagaatccgga ttgctgaatcttccctgttgcctagaagggctccaaaccacct cttgacatgaacgcgtgccaccatgccgaatccccggccaggc aagcccagtgccccgtcacttgcccttgggcctagtcctgggg cttcaccatcctggcgagctgcacctaaggcatctgacctctt gggggcacgaggaccgggcgggacgtttcagggaagggacctt agaggcggagctcatgcaagctcttcttcactgaacccgatgc cgccgagtcagttgcaactccccacactcccactcgtaatggt ggcgccctctggcgcaagactcggacctctcccacacctgcaa gccctcttgcaggacagaccacacttcatgcaccaactttcaa cggttgacgcacacgcacggacaccagtgctgcaagttcatcc acttgaatcccctgccatgatcagcctgacaccgcctactacc gcgacaggtgtcttttctttgaaagcgaggcctggattgccac ctggcatcaatgtggcgtccctggagtgggtttcccgcgaacc tgctctcctgtgcacatttccaaacccgagtgcgccgcgaaaa gatagtacgttgtccgcagtacctcagagctcatatccacttt tggcaaacggtgtgtgtaaatggcctggatgcgaaaaagtatt cgaagagccggaggactttttgaaacattgccaagctgaccac ctgctcgatgatcggtcaaccgcgcaatgcagggtgcaaatgc aagttgtacaacagctcgaattgcagttggcgaaggacaagga gaggctgcaagcaatgatgacccatcttcatgttaaaatggcc ctgaccaaggcaagctctgttgcaagctccgacaaaggctctt gctgtatcgtagcggcgggatctcaaggaccggtcgtcccagc gtggagtggccctcgggaagcccctgatagtcttttcgccgtg agacgccacctgtggggcagccatggaaactccacttttcctg aatttttgcacaatatggactactttaagttccataacatgcg ccccccgtttacatacgcgacgctcatccggtgggcaatcttg gaagcgcctgaaaaacaacgaaccttgaacgagatatatcatt ggttcacgcgaatgttcgctttcttcagaaatcacccggctac ttggaagaatgccataagacacaatctttctctccataaatgc tttgtaagggtcgagtccgaaaaaggggcagtatggactgttg acgagctggagtttcggaaaaagcggtcacaacgcccgtcaag atgctcaaaccctaccccaggcccttgattagataaaggctgt ctccgcgcctatataaaactcttgtttttcttttttctctatc agttcatttgtagcatcttaatttactatccttctactatcag ttgccgccgccgtcgacgccaccatgcactcttctgcacttct gtgctgcctcgtgctcctgacaggtgtcagggcgagtcccggt cagggtacgcaatctgaaaactcctgcacccactttccgggga atttgcccaacatgctgagggatctgagagacgctttcagccg cgttaagacattcttccagatgaaagatcagctcgataatctt ctgttgaaagagtcactgcttgaggattttaaagggtatttgg ggtgccaggctctgtcagaaatgatacagttctatctcgaaga ggtgatgcctcaagcggagaaccaagatccagacataaaggct cacgttaattccttgggcgagaatctgaaaaccctgaggctta ggctgagacgctgtcatcgcttcttgccctgtgaaaacaaatc caaagcggtagagcaggtcaaaaatgcctttaataagctgcaa gagaaggggatatataaggcaatgtctgagtttgatatcttta taaactatatagaagcttacatgacaatgaaaattcggaatta gttaattgaggggccgggctcgagtgcctaataaaaaacattt attttcattgccccctgcagaagctttaaaccggttatcgata atcaacctc 35 MMQESATETISNSSMNQNGMSTLSSQLDAGSRDGRSSGDTSSE Exemplary wildtype VSTVELLHLQQQQALQAARQLLLQQQTSGLKSPKSSDKQRPLQ human FoxP2 VPVSVAMMTPQVITPQQMQQILQQQVLSPQQLQALLQQQQAVM sequence LQQQQLQEFYKKQQEQLHLQLLQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ NCBI Ref No. QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQHPGKQAKEQQQQQQQQQQLAAQQL NP_055306.1 VFQQQLLQMQQLQQQQHLLSLQRQGLISIPPGQAALPVQSLPQ AGLSPAEIQQLWKEVTGVHSMEDNGIKHGGLDLTTNNSSSTTS SNTSKASPPITHHSIVNGQSSVLSARRDSSSHEETGASHTLYG HGVCKWPGCESICEDFGQFLKHLNNEHALDDRSTAQCRVQMQV VQQLEIQLSKERERLQAMMTHLHMRPSEPKPSPKPLNLVSSVT MSKNMLETSPQSLPQTPTTPTAPVTPITQGPSVITPASVPNVG AIRRRHSDKYNIPMSSEIAPNYEFYKNADVRPPFTYATLIRQA IMESSDRQLTLNETYSWFTRTFAYFRRNAATWKNAVRHNLSLH KCFVRVENVKGAVWTVDEVEYQKRRSQKITGSPTLVKNIPTSL GYGAALNASLQAALAESSLPLLSNPGLINNASSGLLQAVHEDL NGSLDHIDSNGNSSPGCSPQPHIHSIHVKEEPVIAEDEDCPMS LVTTANHSPELEDDREIEEEPLSEDLE 36 MMVESASETIRSAPSGQNGVGSLSGQADGSSGGATGTTASGTG Exemplary wildtype REVTTGADSNGEMSPAELLHFQQQQALQVARQFLLQQASGLSS human FoxP4 PGNNDSKQSASAVQVPVSVAMMSPQMLTPQQMQQILSPPQLQA sequence LLQQQQALMLQQEYYKKQQEQLHLQLLTQQQAGKPQPKEALGN GenBank: KQLAFQQQLLQMQQLQQQHLLNLQRQGLVSLQPNQASGPLQTL KJ900035.1 PQAAVCPTDLPQLWKGEGAPGQPAEDSVKQEGLDLTGTAATAT SFAAPPKVSPPLSHHTLPNGQPTVLTSRRDSSSHEETPGSHPL YGHGECKWPGCETLCEDLGQFIKHLNTEHALDDRSTAQCRVQM QVVQQLEIQLAKESERLQAMMAHLHMRPSEPKPFSQPLNPVPG SSSFSKVTVSAADSFPDGLVHPPTSAAAPVTPLRPPGLGSASL HGGGPARRRSSDKFCSPISSELAQNHEFYKNADVRPPFTYASL IRQAILETPDRQLTLNEIYNWFTRMFAYFRRNTATWKNAVRHN LSLHKCFVRVENVKGAVWTVDEREYQKRRPPKMTGSPTLVKNM ISGLSYGALNASYQAALAESSFPLLNSPGMLNPGSASSLLPLS HDDVGAPVEPLPSNGSSSPPRLSPPQYSHQVQVKEEPAEAEED RQPGPPLGAPNPSASGPPEDRDLEEELPGEELS 37 aaagatagtacgttgtccgcag FoxP3(P1) forward primer 38 atttgcaccctgcattgcgc FoxP3(P1) reverse primer 39 tctgtgctgcctcgtgctcc IL10 forward primer 40 tctgacagagcctggcaccc IL10 reverse primer 41 tccactcacggcaaattcaac mGAPDH forward primer 42 cgctcctggaagatggtgatg mGAPDH reverse primer

DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present disclosure provides NOX1 core promoters for regulating expression of transgenes in response to vascular pathology. In some embodiments, a NOX1 core promoter may express a transgene in a high-lipid environment or in the presence of factors associated with inflammation, such as Angiotensin II (Ang II), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), or Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). A NOX1 core promoter of reduced size, such as a NOX1 core promoter comprising less than 600 nucleotides, allows for larger or multiple transgenes to be used in a single gene therapy vector having limited packaging capacity, such as AAV. For example, NOX1 core promoters within nucleotide positions 1561 and 1817 of SEQ ID NO: 1 are provided. A NOX1 core promoter may be modified, such as by removing an unnecessary ATG start site and/or adding a TATA box and/or a CAAT box. One or more transcription factor binding sites may also be added to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter, for example, at the 5′ end of a NOX1 core promoter. NOX1 core promoters described herein may be useful in gene therapy methods for regulated expression of therapeutic proteins, such as anti-inflammatory molecules, for the treatment of vascular and/or inflammation-associated diseases.

The present disclosure further provides variant FOXP polypeptides having a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a different FOXP polypeptide. Such variant FOXP polypeptides may preferentially dimerize with each other over the corresponding endogenous wildtype FOXP polypeptide. For example, a variant FOXP3 polypeptide having a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of FOXP1 (SEQ ID NO: 28) was designed and expressed. Variant FOXP3 polypeptides described herein may be useful for the treatment of vascular and/or inflammation-associated diseases.

Nucleic acids, vectors, and expression systems comprising a NOX1 core promoter and/or encoding variant FOXP3 polypeptides are also described. Further methods of expressing variant FOXP3 polypeptides, including regulated expression, by gene therapy methods are described. For example, several in vitro and in vivo animal studies are described involving transduction with AAV vectors delivering an exemplary NOX1 core promoter regulating expression of a reporter protein or multiple therapeutic proteins (e.g., an exemplary variant FOXP3 polypeptide and IL10).

An in vivo animal model of established and ongoing atherosclerosis for testing treatment options that more closely mimics the human clinical situation is also described. In some embodiments, low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice or rats are fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for a period of time, such as at least 56 days, before administering a therapeutic agent (e.g., a gene therapy vector expressing a therapeutic protein). An AAV vector delivering an exemplary NOX1 core promoter regulating expression of a variant FOXP3 polypeptide and IL10 was tested using this animal model. LDLR-KO mice maintained on a HCD and administered the eNOX1-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector at week 12 showed significantly less vascular pathology when analyzed at week 20 by high-resolution ultrasound imaging compared to mice maintained on a HCD and administered a control vector.

For the convenience of the reader, the following definitions of terms used herein are provided.

As used herein, numerical terms are calculated based upon scientific measurements and, thus, are subject to appropriate measurement error. In some instances, a numerical term may include numerical values that are rounded to the nearest significant figure.

As used herein, “a” or “an” means “at least one” or “one or more” unless otherwise specified. As used herein, the term “or” means “and/or” unless specified otherwise. In the context of a multiple dependent claim, the use of “or” when referring back to other claims refers to those claims in the alternative only.

Exemplary Nucleic Acid Molecules and Polypeptides

“Nucleic acid molecule” or “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of nucleotides. A nucleotide is composed of a base, specifically a purine or pyrimidine base (i.e., cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T) or uracil (U)); a sugar (i.e., deoxyribose or ribose); and a phosphate group. A nucleic acid molecule may be described by the nucleotide sequence representing its primary linear structure. A nucleotide sequence is typically represented from 5′ to 3′. Nucleic acid molecules include, for example, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) including genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, methylated DNA, and the like; ribonucleic acid (RNA), including messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), non-coding RNAs. A nucleic acid molecule can be single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA. Alternatively, a nucleic acid molecule may be a DNA-RNA duplex.

A nucleotide base may be represented using the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nucleotide code shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 IUPAC nucleotide code Base A Adenine C Cytosine G Guanine T (or U) Thymine (or Uracil) R A or G Y C or T S G or C W A or T K G or T M A or C B C or G or T D A or G or T H A or C or T V A or C or G N any base

A nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide described herein may be from any source unless otherwise indicated. The source may be a vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans or cynomolgus monkeys), rodents (e.g., mice and rats), etc.

“Heterologous” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide that is foreign to its surrounding nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.

“Promoter,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence upstream of a transcription start site that is capable of initiating transcription. A promoter may be a constitutive promoter or a regulated promoter.

A “constitutive promoter” is an unregulated promoter that allows for continual transcription. Non-limiting exemplary constitutive promoters include cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, simian virus 40 (SV40) early promoter, adenovirus major late promoter (MLP), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK) promoter, elongation factor-alpha (EF1a) promoter, ubiquitin promoters, actin promoters (such as human β-actin promoter and chicken β-actin promoter), chicken β-actin promoter and CMV early enhancer, tubulin promoters, immunoglobulin promoters, a functional fragment thereof, or a combination of any of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the promoter may be a CMV promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter may be a truncated CMV promoter. In other embodiments, the promoter may be an EF1a promoter.

Non-limiting exemplary regulated promoters include those inducible by or responsive to heat shock, light, chemicals, lipids, peptides, metals, steroids, antibiotics, or alcohol. A regulated promoter may be a pathology-specific promoter and/or a tissue-specific promoter. In some embodiments, a regulated promoter may be one that regulates expression of a transgene in the presence of one or more factors associated with inflammation, such as Ang II, LPS, Ox-LDL and/or carbamylated LDL. In some embodiments, the promoter is responsive to sheer stress. In some embodiments, the promoter is responsive to dyslipidemia.

A “pathology-specific promoter,” as used herein, is a type of regulated promoter that is generally responsive to stimuli characteristic of a disease, condition, or disorder being treated. In some embodiments, a pathology-specific promoter may preferentially express a transgene in the presence of a high-lipid environment characteristic of a vascular pathology.

A “tissue-specific promoter,” as used herein, is a type of regulated promoter that is generally responsive to stimuli characteristic of one or more cell types. In some embodiments, a tissue-specific promoter may preferentially express a transgene in liver cells. In some embodiments, a tissue-specific promoter may preferentially express a transgene in muscle cells. In some embodiments, a tissue-specific promoter may preferentially express a transgene in endothelial cells, such as vascular endothelial cells.

“Core promoter,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a smaller portion of a promoter nucleotide sequence that is capable of initiating transcription.

In some embodiments, a promoter or a core promoter comprises one or more transcription factor binding sites, a TATA box or TATA-like box, and/or one or more enhancer elements.

“Transcription factor binding site” or “binding site” as used interchangeably herein, refers to the region of a nucleic acid molecule to which a transcription factor binds. A transcription factor binding site may be described by the nucleotide sequence (e.g., a specific sequence or a consensus sequence) representing its primary linear structure.

“Consensus sequence,” as used herein, refers to a sequence of frequent residues identified by sequence alignment of related sequences.

“NOX1 promoter,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence upstream of a transcription start site of a NADPH Oxidase 1 (NOX1) coding sequence from any source. The source may be a vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans or cynomolgus monkeys), rodents (e.g., mice and rats), etc. For example, a human NOX1 promoter may comprise the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 (a 2027 nucleotide sequence upstream of the ATG start site of the human NOX1 gene reported as GenBank Accession No. DQ314883.1).

“NOX1 core promoter,” as used herein, refers to a smaller portion of a NOX1 promoter or variant thereof that is capable of initiating transcription. For example, a NOX1 core promoter may be less than 600 nucleotides, less than 550 nucleotides, less than 500 nucleotides, less than 480 nucleotides, or less than 470 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a NOX1 core promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence within nucleotide positions 1561 and 1817 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

“Variant NOX1 core promoter,” as used herein, refers to a NOX1 core promoter that differs from a reference NOX1 core promoter by a single or multiple non-native nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and/or additions and retains the ability to initiate transcription. For example, a variant NOX1 core promoter may have one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and/or additions that knocks out an unnecessary ATG start site, that adds a stop codon (e.g., TGA, TAA, or TAG), that adds a Kozak consensus sequence, and/or that adds a CAAT box.

A “point mutation,” as used herein, refers to a mutation that involves a single nucleotide base or very few nucleotide bases of a nucleic acid molecule. For example, the mutation may be the loss of one base, substitution of one nucleotide base for another, or the insertion of an additional nucleotide base.

As used herein, “percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and “homology” with respect to a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide are defined as the percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides or amino acid residues in the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, or MEGALINE™ (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of sequences being compared.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide has at least about 50% sequence identity with the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. A nucleic acid molecule may include, for instance, addition or deletion of one or more nucleic acid bases at the 5′ or 3′ terminus compared to a reference nucleic acid molecule. A polypeptide may include, for example, addition or deletion at the N- or C-terminus of the polypeptide compared to a reference polypeptide. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide has at least about 50% sequence identity, at least about 60% sequence identity, at least about 65% sequence identity, at least about 70% sequence identity, at least about 75% sequence identity, at least about 80% sequence identity, at least about 85% sequence identity, at least about 90% sequence identity, at least about 91% sequence identity, at least about 92% sequence identity, at least about 93% sequence identity, at least about 94% sequence identity, at least about 95% sequence identity, at least about 96% sequence identity, at least about 97% sequence identity, at least about 98% sequence identity, at least about 99% sequence identity, or 100% sequence identity with the sequence of a reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a NOX1 core promoter comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a NOX1 core promoter comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3.

A NOX1 promoter or a NOX1 core promoter may naturally comprise one or more endogenous transcription factor binding sites.

In some embodiments, a NOX1 core promoter is modified to contain one or more heterologous transcription factor binding sites (e.g., one or more NFκB binding sites and/or one or more Oct1 binding sites) within the core promoter sequence. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter may further comprise at least one heterologous transcription factor binding site positioned at the 5′ end or the 3′ end of the NOX1 core promoter. For example, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter may further comprise at least one NFκB binding site, which may be positioned at the 5′ end or the 3′ end of the NOX1 core promoter. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter may further comprise at least one Oct1 binding site, which may be positioned at the 5′ end or the 3′ end of the NOX1 core promoter.

In some embodiments, an NFκB binding site may be described by a specific sequence, such as, including but not limited to, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, or SEQ ID NO: 20. An NFκB binding site may be described by a consensus sequence, such as, including but not limited to, the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, or SEQ ID NO: 11. Exemplary NFκB binding sites are described in Wan F and Lenardo M, 2009; Wong D, et al., 2011; Kunsch C, et al., 1992; Udalova I A, et al., 2002; and Takano T and Cybulsky A V, 2000, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, an Oct1 binding site may be described by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. See Jenuwein T and Grosschedl R, 1991; Chen J, BCJ, 2006; Zhao F Q, et al., 2013, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five heterologous NFκB binding sites. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a NOX1 core promoter comprises at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five heterologous Oct1 binding sites. In some embodiments, a variant NOX1 core promoter comprises at least one, at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five heterologous NFκB binding sites. In some embodiments, a variant NOX1 core promoter comprises at least one, at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five heterologous Oct1 binding sites.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or at least 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

“Transgene,” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid molecule that encodes a product that may be useful in biotechnology and medicine, such as proteins and RNA. A transgene is generally represented by its nucleotide coding sequence. Exemplary proteins include enzymes, cytokines, receptors, and reporter proteins, etc. Exemplary RNA include sort hairpin RNA (shRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), double stranded (dsRNA), ribosomal RNA, catalytic RNA, antisense RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and non-coding RNAs.

A nucleotide coding sequence of a transgene can be operatively linked to regulatory components in a manner which permits transgene transcription, translation, and/or expression in a target cell. In some embodiments, the regulatory component comprises a NOX1 promoter, a NOX1 core promoter, or a variant NOX1 core promoter, as described herein. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter and a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene, such as a reporter protein or a therapeutic polypeptide (e.g., an anti-inflammatory molecule).

In some embodiments, a transgene comprises a nucleotide coding sequence for a reporter protein, such as a FLAG-tag, a β-lactamase, a β-galactosidase (LacZ), an alkaline phosphatase, a thymidine kinase, a green fluorescent protein (GFP), a red fluorescent protein (RFP), such as mCherry, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, membrane bound proteins (e.g., CD2, CD4, CD8, the influenza hemagglutinin protein), and others well known in the art, to which high affinity antibodies directed thereto exist or can be produced by conventional means, and fusion proteins thereof. In some embodiments, a transgene comprises a nucleotide coding sequence for a FLAG-tag and mCherry fusion protein.

Such reporter proteins can provide signals detectable by conventional means, including enzymatic, radiographic, colorimetric, fluorescence or other spectrographic assays, fluorescent activating cell sorting (FACS) assays and immunological assays, including enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (MA) and immunohistochemistry. For example, where the marker sequence is the LacZ gene, the presence of the vector carrying the signal is detected by assays for beta-galactosidase activity. Where the reporter protein is mCherry or luciferase, the cell expressing the reporter protein may be measured visually by color or light production in a luminometer.

In some embodiments, the transgene comprises a nucleotide coding sequence for a therapeutic polypeptide. In some embodiments, a therapeutic polypeptide is an anti-inflammatory molecule.

“Amino acid sequence,” means a sequence of amino acids residues in a polypeptide or protein. The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Such polymers of amino acid residues may contain natural or non-natural amino acid residues, and include, but are not limited to, peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, trimers, and multimers of amino acid residues. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof are encompassed by the definition. The terms also include post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. Furthermore, for purposes of the present disclosure, a “polypeptide” refers to a protein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions, and substitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the native sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.

An “amino acid substitution” refers to the replacement of one amino acid in a polypeptide with another amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid substitution is a conservative substitution. Nonlimiting exemplary conservative amino acid substitutions are shown in Table 3. Amino acid substitutions may be introduced into a molecule of interest and the products screened for a desired activity, for example, retained/improved antigen binding, decreased immunogenicity, improved recombinant production, and/or enhanced pharmacokinetics.

TABLE 3 Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Ala (A) Val; Leu; Ile Arg (R) Lys; Gln; Asn Asn (N) Gln; His; Asp; Lys; Arg Asp (D) Glu; Asn Cys (C) Ser; Ala Gln (Q) Asn; Glu Glu (E) Asp; Gln Gly (G) Ala His (H) Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Ile (I) Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine Leu (L) Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Asn Met (M) Leu; Phe; Ile Phe (F) Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ser (S) Thr Thr (T) Val; Ser Trp (W) Tyr; Phe Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Val (V) Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine

Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties

-   -   (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;     -   (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;     -   (3) acidic: Asp, Glu;     -   (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;     -   (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;     -   (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes with another class.

“Wildtype polypeptide,” as used herein, refers to a non-mutated version of a polypeptide that occurs in nature, or a fragment thereof. A wildtype polypeptide may be produced recombinantly.

“Variant polypeptide,” as used herein, refers to a polypeptide that differs from a reference polypeptide by a single or multiple non-native amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or additions. In some embodiments, a variant polypeptide retains at least one biological activity of the reference polypeptide (e.g., a corresponding wildtype polypeptide). A variant polypeptide includes, for instance, polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added, deleted, at the N- or C-terminus of the polypeptide.

“FOXP” and “FOXP polypeptide,” as used interchangeably herein, refer to a polypeptide comprising the entirety or a fragment of a protein from the Forkhead box protein family (such as FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, or FOXP4) from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans and cynomolgus monkeys), rodents (e.g., mice and rats), and companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and equine), unless otherwise indicated. FOXP includes variant FOXP polypeptides that substantially retain at least one biological activity of a wildtype FOXP polypeptide.

A “variant FOXP polypeptide” as used herein is a FOXP polypeptide that differs from a reference FOXP polypeptide by single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or additions and substantially retains at least one biological activity of the reference FOXP3 polypeptide.

In some embodiments, FOXP may be a wildtype FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, or FOXP4 polypeptide. An exemplary wildtype human FOXP1 comprises the amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 26. An exemplary wildtype human FOXP2 comprises the amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 35. An exemplary wildtype human FOXP3 comprises the amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 24. An exemplary wildtype human FOXP4 comprises the amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 36.

Wildtype FOXP polypeptides have a zinc finger and leucine zipper region understood to be involved in protein dimerization. Kim J, et al., 2019; Wang B, et al., 2003; Song Z, et al., 2012. “Zinc finger and leucine zipper region,” as used herein, refers to a region of a polypeptide comprising a zinc finger motif and a leucine zipper motif. In some embodiments, a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a FOXP3 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a FOXP3 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence within amino acid positions 225 and 264 of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a FOXP1 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a FOXP1 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence within amino acid positions 146 and 185 of SEQ ID NO: 26.

In some embodiments, a variant FOXP polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of a first FOXP polypeptide, wherein a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the first FOXP polypeptide has been replaced with a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a second FOXP polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP2, FOXP3, or FOXP4 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP2 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1, FOXP3, or FOXP4 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP3 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1, FOXP2, or FOXP4 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP4 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1, FOXP2, or FOXP3 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP3 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP1 polypeptide and the second FOXP polypeptide is a FOXP3 polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a variant FOXP polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, a variant FOXP polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28.

Also embodied in the present disclosure are nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotide coding sequence for the variant FOXP polypeptides described herein. Given that the genetic code is well-known in the art, it is routine for one of ordinary skill in the art to generate such degenerate nucleic acid molecules that encode transgenes, including the variant FOXP polypeptides of the present disclosure. For example, an isolated nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding any one of the variant FOXP polypeptides described herein, including those referred to in the above paragraphs. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.

In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter and a wildtype or variant FOXP3 polypeptide. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter and IL10. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter and a wildtype or variant FOXP3 polypeptide and IL10. In some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

Exemplary Vectors

As used herein, “vector” includes any genetic element, including, but not limited to, a plasmid, phage, transposon, cosmid, chromosome, artificial chromosome, minichromosome, expression vector, virus, virion, etc., which is capable of replication when associated with the proper control elements and which can transfer nucleic acid molecules to cells. The term includes cloning and expression vectors, as well as viral vectors.

In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors, or all of the vectors, may be DNA vectors. In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors, or all of the vectors, may be RNA vectors. In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors, or all of the vectors, may be circular. In other embodiments, one or more of the vectors, or all of the vectors, may be linear. In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors, or all of the vectors, may be enclosed in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, non-lipid nanoparticle, or viral capsid.

Non-limiting exemplary viral vectors include adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, lentivirus vectors, adenovirus vectors, helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAd), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) vectors, bacteriophage T4, baculovirus vectors, pox virus vectors, and retrovirus vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vector may be an AAV vector. In other embodiments, the viral vector may a lentivirus vector. In some embodiments, the lentivirus may be non-integrating. In some embodiments, the viral vector may be an adenovirus vector. In yet other embodiments, the viral vector may be an HSV-1 vector. In some embodiments, the HSV-1-based vector is helper dependent, and in other embodiments it is helper independent. In additional embodiments, the viral vector may be bacteriophage T4. In further embodiments, the viral vector may be a baculovirus vector. In yet further embodiments, the viral vector may be a retrovirus vector.

An AAV vector may comprise a nucleic acid molecule enclosed in an AAV viral capsid. The encapsidated nucleic acid molecule may comprise AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) positioned at each termini. AAV ITRs may be derived from any number of AAV serotypes, including AAV2. AAV ITRs can form hairpin structures and are involved in AAV proviral integration and vector packaging. An AAV vector may comprise a capsid protein from any one of the AAV serotypes, including, but not limited to AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, and variant capsids based on any serotype modified to target a specific cell type. In some embodiments, an AAV vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule with AAV2 ITRs and enclosed in an AAV8 viral capsid.

AAV vectors may be prepared using any one of the number of methods available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Hermonat P L, et al., 1984b; Liu Y, et al., 2001; Grimm D, et al., 1998; Neyns B, et al., 2001; Cecchini S, et al., 2011.

In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding a transgene that is operatively linked to a promoter. The phrases “operatively positioned,” “operatively linked,” “under control,” or “under transcriptional control” means that a promoter is in the correct location and orientation in relation to the nucleic acid molecule to control RNA polymerase initiation and expression of the transgene.

In some embodiments, a vector may comprise one copy of a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene. In other embodiments, the vector system may comprise more than one copy of a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene. In some embodiments, a vector may comprise one or more nucleotide sequences encoding one or more transgenes. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding multiple transgenes. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding two transgenes. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding three transgenes.

In some embodiments, the vector may be capable of driving expression of one or more coding sequences, such as the coding sequence of a transgene disclosed herein, in a host cell, either in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. In some embodiments, the host cell is a eukaryotic cell, such as, e.g., a yeast, plant, insect, or mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a rodent cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a smooth muscle cell, a cardiac muscle cell, a fibroblast cell, an immune cell (e.g., a macrophage, a T-cell, or a B-cell).

In some embodiments, a vector comprises a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a wildtype FOXP polypeptide or variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a regulated promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a pathology-specific promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a NOX1 core promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide operably linked to a variant NOX1 core promoter.

In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a variant FOXP3 polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a reporter protein operably linked to a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding mCherry operably linked to a NOX1 core promoter or a variant NOX1 core promoter. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22.

Exemplary Therapeutic Testing Model of Established and Ongoing Atherosclerosis

An in vivo animal model of established and ongoing atherosclerosis for testing treatment options that more closely mimics the human clinical situation is also described.

In some embodiments, a low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) or Apo E knockout mice or rat is fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) for a period of time, such as at least 56 days, before administering a therapeutic agent (e.g., a gene therapy vector expressing a therapeutic protein).

LDLR-KO mice fed a HCD develop vascular pathology, including immune cell arterial influx, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Getz G S and Reardon C A, 2005; Li D, et al., 2006; Liu Y, et al., 2005; Pan J H, et al., 2004; Chen J, et al., 2018.

A “high cholesterol diet” or “HCD” includes any natural or synthetic fat, such as lard, cocoa butter, cholate, etc. Exemplary HCDs are commercially available (see., e.g., criver.com/products-services/research-models-services/preconditioning-services/custom-diets?region=3611; dyets.com/experimental-diets/) and described in the literature (see, e.g., Zadelaar S, et al., 2007). In some embodiments, a HCD may comprise at least about 0.1%, at least 0.15%, at least 0.2%, at least 0.4%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 1.25%, at least 1.5%, at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 3.5%, at least 4%, at least 4.5%, at least about 5% cholesterol. In some embodiments, a HCD comprises between 0.1% and 5% cholesterol. In some embodiments, a HCD comprises between 1 and 15% cocoa butter. In some embodiments, a HCD comprises 4% cholesterol and 10% cocoa butter.

In some embodiments, a method for screening a therapeutic agent comprises maintaining an LDLR-KO or Apo E knockout animal on a HCD and administering a therapeutic agent to the animal no earlier than 56 days after beginning the HCD. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 63 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 63 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 70 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 77 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 84 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 91 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is administered no earlier than 98 days after beginning the high cholesterol diet.

In some embodiments, the blood flow velocity, cross-sectional area of the aorta lumen, and/or the aortic wall thickness of the animal are assessed by ultrasound imaging. Exemplary methods for high ultrasound imaging are described in Example 8.

Exemplary Pharmaceutical Compositions and Uses

“Pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit administration of a therapeutic agent and other component(s) contained therein to a subject and does not contain components that are unacceptably toxic to a subject.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a non-toxic solid, semisolid, or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material, formulation auxiliary, or carrier conventional in the art for use with a therapeutic agent that together comprise a “pharmaceutical composition” for administration to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is appropriate for the formulation employed. A pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of solid, semisolid, liquid, cream, gel, capsule, or patch. The pharmaceutical composition may be in a form that allows for slow release or delayed release of a therapeutic agent.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include alumina; aluminum stearate; lecithin; serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, canine or other animal albumin; buffers such as phosphate, citrate, tromethamine or HEPES buffers; glycine; sorbic acid; potassium sorbate; partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids; water; salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, or magnesium trisilicate; polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances; polyethylene glycol; sucrose; mannitol; or amino acids including, but not limited to, arginine.

“Therapeutic agent,” as used herein, refers to an agent used for the treatment or prevention of a disease, condition, or disorder. A therapeutic agent may include a nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, and/or cell disclosed herein.

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition is typically in the range of from about pH 6 to pH 8 when administered, for example about 6, about 6.2, about 6.4, about 6.6, about 6.8, about 7, about 7.2. Pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized if they are to be used for therapeutic purposes. Sterility can be achieved by any of several means known in the art, including by filtration through sterile filtration membranes (e.g., 0.2 micron membranes). Sterility may be maintained with or without anti-bacterial agents.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cell, and/or pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be utilized in accordance with the methods herein to treat a vascular disease, a cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, an inflammation-associated disease, an age-associated disease, arthritis, and/or dementia.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having a vascular disease and/or a cardiovascular disease. Exemplary forms of vascular or cardiovascular disease include, but are not limited to, general atherosclerosis; plaque formation; cholesterol accumulation; stenosis; restenosis; hypertension; peripheral artery disease; peripheral artery disease of the legs; peripheral artery disease of the arms; peripheral artery disease of the gut/mesentery; disease of the carotid arteries; heart failure; cellular proliferation of smooth muscle; stroke; cardiac disease (e.g., risk stratification of chest pain and interventional procedures); pulmonary circulatory disease; graft occlusion or failure; need for or an adverse clinical outcome after peripheral bypass graft surgery; Paget-Schroetter disease; Budd-Chiari syndrome; peripheral vascular disease; renal atherosclerosis; renal vein thrombosis; jugular vein thrombosis; arterial disease of the aorta; carotid artery disease; coronary artery disease; coronary heart disease; pulmonary circulatory disease; correction of adverse clinical outcome after surgery for coronary artery bypass (CABG); pulmonary embolism; ischemic diseases; multiplicity of other cardiovascular disease related to obesity or an overweight condition; thrombosis formation (e.g., venous thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, or arterial thrombosis) or other thrombotic events or complications; myocardial infarction; graft failure; vein graft failure; vein graft occlusion; autologous vein grafts; coronary revascularization; kidney failure; cerebrovascular disease; ischemia reperfusion injury; general ischemia; heart disease; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; myocardial infection; treatment of adverse outcome after angioplasty; endothelial dysfunction; impaired general circulation; and left ventricular hypertrophy-acute coronary syndrome. A subject may have multiple forms of a vascular or cardiovascular disease.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having atherosclerosis.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having an inflammation-associated disease. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having an age-associated disease. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having arthritis, such as psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or gouty arthritis. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having asthma. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having macular degeneration of the retina. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having diabetes mellitus.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are used for treating a subject having dementia. Exemplary forms of dementia include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. A subject may have multiple forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.

Methods for administering a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a vector, a cell, and/or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, administering a therapeutically effective dose of a nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cells, and/or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure to a subject.

As used herein, “subject,” “individual,” and “patient,” are used interchangeably to refer to an individual organism, a vertebrate, a mammal, or a human. In some embodiments, “subject” means any animal (mammal, human, or other) patient that can be afflicted with one or more of the diseases, conditions, or disorders described herein and is in need of treatment.

As used herein, “treat” and other forms of the term, including “treating,” “treated, and “treatment,” relate to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical results. Treatment covers any administration or application of a therapeutic agent for a disease, condition, or disorder in a subject, including a human subject. For purposes of this disclosure, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, any one or more of: alleviation of one or more symptoms; diminishment of extent of a disease, condition, or disorder; preventing or delaying spread of a disease, condition, or disorder; preventing or delaying recurrence of disease, condition, or disorder; amelioration of the state of the disease, condition, or disorder; inhibiting or slowing the progression of a disease, condition, or disorder or arresting its development; and remission (whether partial or total) of a disease, condition, or disorder. Also, encompassed by “treatment” is a reduction of pathological consequence of a proliferative disease. The methods provided herein contemplate any one or more of these aspects of treatment. In-line with the above, the term treatment does not require one-hundred percent removal of all aspects of a disease, condition, or disorder.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a therapeutic agent may vary according to factors such as the type of disease to be treated, the disease state, the severity and course of the disease, the type of therapeutic purpose, any previous therapy, the clinical history, the response to prior treatment, the discretion of the attending physician, age, sex, and weight of the subject, and the ability of the therapeutic agent to elicit a desired response in the subject. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the therapeutic agent are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A therapeutically effective amount may be delivered in one or more administrations. A therapeutically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic or prophylactic result.

While the attending physician ultimately will decide the appropriate amount and dosage regimen, a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent of the disclosure can be provided. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of a polypeptide of the disclosure may be administered at a dose of 0.0001, 0.01, 0.01 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a vector of the disclosure may be administered at a dose of 1×10¹⁰, 1×10¹¹, 1×10¹², or 1×10¹³ viral particles (e.g., encapsidated genomes (eg)). In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a vector of the disclosure may be administered at a dose of 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹³ viral particles, 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹² viral particles, or 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ viral particles. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test bioassays or systems. For example, a therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model is also used to achieve a desirable concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in other subjects. Generally, the therapeutically effective amount is dependent of the desired therapeutic effect. For example, the therapeutically effective amount of a vector of the disclosure can be assessed in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.

A nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cells, and/or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure can be administered by any one or more routes known in the art or described herein, for example, orally (e.g., in capsules, suspensions or tablets), parenterally (e.g., intravenously or intramuscularly by solution, suspension, emulsion, or gel), intraperitoneal, rectal, cutaneous, nasal, vaginal, inhalant, skin (patch), and/or ocular. The nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cells, and/or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure may be administered in any dose or dosing regimen. In some cases, administration may be accomplished by an ex vivo route. Ex vivo delivery involves ex vivo (outside the body) transduction of host cells (e.g., smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, fibroblast cells, immune cells such as macrophages, T-cells, and/or B-cells) by recombinant vectors, followed by administration of the transduced cells to the subject. For example, host cells may be obtained from a subject, transduced outside the body by a vector of the disclosure, and then administered to the same subject or a different subject.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cells, and/or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure is administered parenterally, by subcutaneous administration, intravenous infusion, arterial injection, intramuscular injection, or injection into a section of a ligated artery or vein, or a combination thereof. Ligation of an artery or vein may be accomplished by any method understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, such as by tying or clamping off a section of a vessel or artery (distal and proximal) so as to isolate the section from blood flow for a period of time. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition in the form of a gel or cream and comprising the nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, and/or cells of the disclosure is applied to one or more locations of interest (e.g., an artery, vein, joint, etc.). In some embodiments, such a gel or cream may allow for slow release or delayed release of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule, polypeptide, vector, cells, and/or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure is administered as a bolus injection or by infusion over a period of time.

In some embodiments, a therapeutic agent is administered once in a single dose or in multiple doses. When multiple doses are administered, the doses may be separated from one another by, for example, one hour, three hours, six hours, eight hours, one day, two days, one week, two weeks, or one month. In some embodiments, a therapeutic agent is administered every other day, once a week, or once a month. In some embodiments, a therapeutic agent is administered for, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, or more weeks. It is to be understood that, for any particular subject, specific dosage regimes should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions. For example, the dosage of the therapeutic can be increased if the lower dose does not provide sufficient therapeutic activity.

In some embodiments, when a polypeptide encoded by a vector of the disclosure is expressed in a subject, the expression level can be constant over a desired period of time, for example, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, or at least 5 years. In some embodiments, the expression of a polypeptide disclosed herein can be sustained at or above a therapeutically effective dosage level over a desired period of time.

In some embodiments, the amount of therapeutic agent is administered to a subject (in pulses, as continuous treatment or as a one-time administration (e.g., via gene therapy expression of a polypeptide disclosed herein)) such that the blood levels of the polypeptide in the treated subject are above about 20%, or above about 30%, or above about 40%, or above about 50%, or between about 50-100% or above about 2-fold, or above about 3-fold, or above about 4-fold, or above about 5-fold or more than 5-fold the blood levels of the endogenous polypeptide in a control subject.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Analysis of TGFβ and IL10 Expression in A7R5 Rat Smooth Muscle Cells Expressing FOXP3

FOXP3 is a master transcription factor of the regulatory pathway in the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which are specialized T cells that act to suppress immune response. Loss of FOXP3 expression results in increased chronic autoimmunity. Ziegler S, 2006. Expression of FOXP3 is generally understood to be restricted to Treg cells. Karagiannidis C, et al., 2004; Fontenot J D, et al., 2003; Hon S, et al., 2003; Khattri R, et al., 2003; Li Z, et al., 2015; Kitoh A, et al., 2009. Hence, downstream effects of FOXP3 expression in other cell types, such as vascular smooth muscle cells, which are a target cell type in AAV treatment of atherosclerosis is unclear.

For example, expression levels of TGFβ and IL10 in immortal tissue culture A7R5 rat smooth muscle cells expressing FOXP3 was tested. The A7R5 cells were co-transfected with pSV40-Neo and CMV-FoxP3 expression plasmids at a 1:10 ratio and clones were selected with G418. G418-selected cell lines were tested for FOXP3 expression by Quantitative RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) for FOXP3 mRNA and compared to negative controls (untransfected A7R5 cells (labeled “A7R5”) and A7R5 cells transfected with pSV40-Neo only and G418-selected (labeled “neo”)) (FIG. 1A).

Relative expression of TGFβ and IL10 in select FOXP3-expressing clones was also measured by Q-RT-PCR for TGFβ and IL10 mRNA (FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C, respectively) and compared to the same negative controls (“A7R5” and “neo”). While an increase in TGFβ expression was observed with some FOXP3-expressing clones, IL10 expression did not appear to be induced by FOXP3 expression.

Example 2 Exemplary Core NOX1 Promoter

Constitutive or systemic expression of anti-inflammatory proteins, such as FOXP3, IL10, or TGFβ may not be desirable. For example, systemically expressed or high circulating levels of IL10 has been associated with increased bacterial and viral infections. Filippi C M and von Herrath M G, 2008; Zobel K, et al., 2012; Clemons K V, et al., 2000; Brooks D G, et al., 2008; Brooks D G, et al., 2006; Ejrnaes M, et al., 2006; Zeni E, et al., 2007; Maris C H, et al., 2007; Asadullah K, et al., 2003. In addition, many promoters used in gene therapy, including regulatable promoters, are problematic due to their large size and the limited packaging capacity of AAV. For example, the LOX1 high-lipid regulatable promoter (˜2,400 bp) is too large for regulating multiple gene products in the context of AAV. When the LOX1 promoter is used, only 2 kb of AAV packaging capacity remains available for transgenes.

Expression of NOX1 is understood to be upregulated in response to shear stress, high lipids, and other irritating challenging agents, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and Angiotensin-2 (Ang II). Hwang J, et al., 2003; Hsieh J H, et al., 2014; Valente A J, et al., 2007; Kuwano Y, et al., 2005; Nguyen Dinh Cat A, et al., 2012; Manea A., et al., 2009.

An exemplary NOX1 promoter having enhanced features (SEQ ID NO: 4; “eNOX1 promoter”) comprising a variant NOX1 core promoter (SEQ ID NO: 3) with three NFκB binding sequences (ggggattccc; SEQ ID NO: 19), and two Oct1 binding sequences (atgcaaat; SEQ ID NO: 21) added to the 5′ end was developed. The variant NOX1 core promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) of the eNOX1 promoter includes nucleotides 1562-2027 of the NOX1 gene (GenBank Accession No. DQ314883.1) (SEQ ID NO: 2) with two base changes (the first to enhance the CAAT box and the second to knock out an unnecessary ATG start site) and a short downstream sequence (including a TGA stop site and Kozak consensus sequence). Unlike the LOX1 promoter, the small size (483 bp) of the eNOX1 promoter allows for the inclusion of multiple therapeutic genes in the context of an AAV vector.

Furthermore, inclusion of transcription factor binding sequences, such as one or more NFκB and/or Oct1 binding sequences, may improve expression in response to certain stimuli. For example, NF-κB is a transcription factor activated in cells during disease progression and in response to cellular stress. Ganguli A, et al., 2005; Mercurio F and Manning A M, 1999; Zhang Q, et al., 2017. In the context of LOX-1 promoter studies, the NFκB binding motif has been associated with Ang II-induced promoter activation and the Oct-1 binding motif has been associated with Ox-LDL-induced promoter activation. Chen J, et al., BCJ, 2006; Chen J, et al., ATVB, 2006. However, Oct-1 has also been shown to repress NFκB-dependent gene expression (Dela Paz N G, et al., 2006; Voleti B and Agrawal A, 2005), leading to uncertainty as to whether a NOX1 core promoter with additional NFκB and Oct1 binding sequences could activate gene expression in the presence of disease-associated stimuli.

The ability of the eNOX1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4) to regulate expression of FLAG-mCherry in vitro in the presence of factors associated with inflammation, specifically Angiotensin II (Ang II), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) was tested. Ang II is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. LPS stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines leading to acute inflammatory response and, in extreme cases, anaphylactic shock. Ox-LDL is a major driver of vascular pathology in humans.

HEK 293 cells were transfected with 1 μg of a plasmid comprising the eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry construct (SEQ ID NO: 22) and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Gibco, USA) containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 U/mL penicillin. The cell cultures were treated with increasing concentrations of Ang II (Sigma, USA) (0 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml), LPS (Sigma, USA) (0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1 μg/ml), or Ox-LDL (Yiyuanbiotech, China) (0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 60 μg/ml) at 36 hours and harvested at 60 hours.

Cell extracts were prepared and separated by SDS-PAGE. Western blot analysis was performed using mouse anti-FLAG primary antibody (diluted 1:1000, F-1804, Sigma, USA), mouse anti-β-actin primary antibody (diluted 1:8000, A1978, Sigma, USA) as a loading control, and secondary mouse anti-IgG ALEXA Flour 647 (diluted 1:500, Invitrogen, USA). The relative expression of FLAG and β-actin was visualized and quantified using the enhanced chemiluminescence light method using NIH ImageJ software. Results are shown as the mean±SD from three independent experiments.

FIG. 2 shows relative expression levels of FLAG-mCherry under the control of the eNOX1 promoter in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ang II (FIG. 2A), LPS (FIG. 2B), and Ox-LDL (FIG. 2C) compared to an untransfected control. The expression of FLAG-mCherry under control of the eNOX1 promoter trended to increase with the concentration of Ang II, LPS, and ox-LDL, and at the highest concentration of the stimulant, expression was statistically higher than the 0 μg/ml controls.

The relative expression of FLAG-mCherry was also assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Similar to the prior study, HEK 293 cells were transfected with 1 μg of the eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry plasmid or a CMVpr-FLAG-mCherry plasmid. Cells transfected with eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry were treated with increasing concentrations of Ang II (0 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 10 μg/ml), LPS (0 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, and 1 μg/ml), or Ox-LDL (0 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml, and 60 μg/ml) at 36 hours and harvested at 60 hours. Relative expression of FLAG-mCherry was visualized and quantified by fluorescence microscopy (Lica, USA) and ImageJ software.

FIG. 3 shows relative expression levels of FLAG-mCherry under the control of the eNOX1 promoter in the presence of increasing concentrations of Ang II (FIG. 3B), LPS (FIG. 3C), and Ox-LDL (FIG. 3D). Data are expressed as mean±SD (*P<0.05). Expression of mCherry under the constitutive control of the CMV promoter and an untransfected control are shown in FIG. 3A. The expression of FLAG-mCherry under control of the eNOX1 promoter trended to increase with the concentration of Ang II, LPS, and Ox-LDL, and at the highest concentration expressions were statistically higher than the 0 μg/ml controls.

Example 3 In Vivo AAV Expression with an Exemplary NOX1 Core Promoter

The responsiveness of the eNOX1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4) was tested in the context of an AAV2/8 expression vector in a high lipid mouse model. Low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice fed a high cholesterol diet (HCD) develop vascular pathology, including immune cell arterial influx, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Getz G S and Reardon C A, 2005; Li D, et al., 2006; Liu Y, et al., 2005; Pan J H, et al., 2004; Chen J, et al., 2018. The level of expression from the eNOX1 promoter was monitored over time as the vascular pathology of the LDLR-KO mice progressed. The expression construct tested included a FLAG-mCherry fusion protein under the control of the eNOX1 promoter with flanking AAV2 inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and was packaged into AAV serotype 8 capsid under GMP conditions by OBiO Technology Corp., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The experimental design for testing AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry is shown in FIG. 4A.

The LDLR-KO strain (B6; 12957-LdlrtmlHer/J) was purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, Me., USA). The mice were group-housed under constant temperature (23±2° C.) and 40-60% humidity with humane care and maintained on a 12 hour/12 hour, light/dark cycle. Food and water were accessed ad libitum. Study protocols about laboratory animal use were in accordance with the guidelines for the Beijing Friendship Hospital Animal Care and Ethics Committee.

Three groups of eight-week old LDLR-KO mice weighing 16-20 grams were used in the 20-week experiment. Group 1 (n=12) was a negative control group of untreated LDLR-KO mice maintained on a normal diet (ND) from day 0 to week 6 (n=5), from day 0 to week 12 (n=4), or from day 0 to week 20 (n=3). Groups 2 and 3 received AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry on day 0 at a titer of 1×10¹¹ viral encapsidated genomes (eg)/mL via tail vein injection of 200 uL virus per mouse, followed by two booster injections at an interval of approximately 2 days. Group 2 (n=14) was a second negative control group and received the ND from day 0 to week 6 (n=4), day 0 to week 12 (n=4), or day 0 to week 20 (n=6). Group 3 (n=15) received a high cholesterol diet (HCD) from day 0 to week 6 (n=4), from day 0 to week 12 (n=4), or from day 0 to week 20 (n=7). The HCD, which consisted of 4% cholesterol and 10% Coco butter (Beijing HFK Bioscience Company, China), was used to ensure the development of atherosclerosis. At weeks 6, 12, and 20, animals were humanely sacrificed, and tissues harvested for eNOX1 promoter expression analysis.

Regulated expression of FLAG-mCherry under the eNOX1 promoter in liver at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 20 weeks was measured by immuno-fluorescence staining for FLAG (FIG. 5B). Frozen sections were cryostat-microtome shaved from frozen liver tissues. Slides of the tissues were incubated with primary antibodies against FLAG (dilution 1:100, F-1804, Sigma, USA) overnight at 4° C. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for three times, the tissues were incubated with a mixture of Alexa Fluor 647 anti-mouse secondary antibody (dilution 1:500, Invitrogen, USA) at room temperature for 1 hour. The sections were counter-stained with DAPI. The stained tissue was viewed and photographed using a confocal microscope (Olympus, Japan) at 20× and 60× magnification.

The activity of the eNOX1 promoter is shown at the 6, 12, and 20 week time points in representative sections in FIG. 5B. Immunofluorescence staining shows that following injection of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry, more transgene expression is observed among the HCD-fed mice than the ND-fed mice at each of the three time points. FLAG-mCherry expression continued to rise in the HCD-fed group from week 6, through week 12, with the highest level of expression observed at week 20. In addition, blood vessel and liver hepatocyte cell transduction were observed.

In vivo expression of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry was compared between ND-fed mice and HCD-fed mice at the 20-week time point by Western blot analysis using protein extracted from frozen liver tissues (FIG. 5C). Western blot analysis was performed using mouse anti-FLAG primary antibody (diluted 1:1000, F-1804, Sigma, USA) and mouse anti-f3-actin primary antibody (diluted 1:8000, A1978, Sigma, USA) as a loading control. The membranes were visualized by the enhanced chemiluminescence light method. Densitometric results using ImageJ software show that expression from the eNOX1 promoter was more than five-fold higher in the HCD-fed mice compared to the ND-fed mice at the 20-week time point (FIG. 5E). Data are expressed as mean±SD (*P<0.05).

In vivo expression of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry was also compared between ND-fed mice at the 6-week time point and HCD-fed mice at the 6-, 12-, and 20-week time points by Western blot analysis using protein extracted from frozen liver tissues (FIG. 5D). Western blot analysis was performed as described in the above paragraph. Densitometric results show that expression from the eNOX1 promoter increased in a time-dependent manner in the HCD-fed mice and was more than four-fold higher in the HCD-fed mice at 20-weeks compared to the ND-fed control mice (FIG. 5F). Data are expressed as mean±SD (*P<0.05).

Collectively, the immunofluorescence and Western analyses are consistent with the Ox-LDL-stimulated eNOX1 promoter expression observed in HEK 293 cells (FIG. 2 and FIG. 3). FLAG-mCherry expression was observed in blood vessels and hepatocytes of the liver. Further, as vascular pathology of LDLR-KO mice fed a HCD diet progressed, the level of transcription from the eNOX1 promoter of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry was shown to also temporally increase. These data suggest that therapeutic expression from the eNOX1 promoter increases in the face of increasing vascular pathology occurring over time (see FIG. 5A).

Example 4 Modification of FOXP3 Zinc Finger and Leucine Zipper Region

Forkhead box proteins (FOXP) are a family of transcription factors (e.g., FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, and FOXP4) involved in regulating the expression of genes involved in development, immune disorders, and cancer progression. FOXP family proteins have a zinc finger and leucine zipper region understood to be involved in protein dimerization. Kim J, et al., 2019; Wang B, et al., 2003; Song X, et al., 2012. Presumably, a FOXP expressed in vivo from an AAV vector could dimerize with its endogenous FOXP counterpart. To enhance homodimerization of FOXP expressed from an AAV vector and increase the likelihood that efficacy is due to the AAV-delivered FOXP, replacement of one FOXP zinc finger and leucine zipper region with that of another FOXP was explored.

A chimeric FOXP3/FOXP1 (“FOXP3(P1)”) protein was designed in which an amino acid sequence from the zinc finger and leucine zipper region of human FOXP3 was replaced with an analogous amino acid sequence from the zinc finger and leucine zipper region of FOXP1. The FOXP3(P1) amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 28), which is 431 amino acids in length, includes amino acids 1 to 225 and 264 to 431 of human FOXP3 (NCBI Reference Sequence NP 054728.2; SEQ ID NO: 24) flanking amino acids 147 to 184 of human FOXP1 (GenBank: AF146698.2; SEQ ID NO: 26). The FOXP3 and FOXP1 zinc finger and leucine zipper regions that were interchanged share only about 45% homology. The resulting FOXP3(P1) chimeric protein (SEQ ID NO: 28) should preferentially homodimerize over dimerizing with endogenous FOXP3. Potential heterodimerization of FOXP3(P1) with endogenous FOXP1 is unlikely to be harmful since endogenous FOXP3 and FOXP1 are understood to already form heterodimers. Ren J, et al., 2019; Konopacki C, et al., 2019; Li B, et al., 2007; Rudra D, et al, 2012; Deng G, et al, 2019.

Example 5 FOXP3(P1) and IL10 Dual Gene AAV Vector

Vascular smooth muscle cells are a target cell type in the AAV treatment of atherosclerosis. Based on the studies described in Example 1, an increase in TGFβ expression but not IL10 expression was observed in FOXP3-expressing smooth muscle cells. Inclusion of nucleotide sequences for both FOXP3(P1) and IL10 in an AAV vector may increase the therapeutic efficacy observed, such as regression of vascular pathologies and/or prevention of further development of vascular pathologies. To reduce the overall expression of FOXP3(P1) and IL10, use of a small lipid-responsive promoter was explored. The eNOX1 promoter described in Example 2 allows for the inclusion of multiple therapeutic genes in the context of an AAV vector, including both FOXP3(P1) and IL10.

Design of a three-component expression construct (eNOX1pr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10; SEQ ID NO: 34) totaling 2675 nucleotides comprising the eNOX1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4), FOXP3(P1) coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 29), and a human IL10 coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 32) is shown in FIG. 6. Since overexpression of IL10 can be detrimental, the construct was designed such that the IL10 coding sequence does not have a dedicated enhancer-promoter region. Instead, a synthetic TATA box sequence was placed downstream of FOXP3(P1) and upstream of IL10 allowing for limited expression from mRNA translation from the IL10 coding sequence start methionine. A synthetic poly-adenylation sequence was placed downstream of the IL10 coding sequence. The expression construct with flanking AAV2 inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) was packaged into AAV serotype 8 capsid (AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10) under GMP conditions by OBiO Technology Corp., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) for gene delivery into mice.

Example 6 Administration of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10 to an Animal Model of Established and Ongoing Atherosclerosis

Therapeutic benefit of dual expression of FOXP3 (P1) and IL10 from eNOX1pr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10 gene delivery against established and ongoing atherosclerotic disease was tested. The LDLR-KO model fed HCD develops vascular pathology, including immune cell arterial influx, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and atherosclerotic plaque formation. In previous gene therapy treatment trials involving the LDLR-KO model, treatment by tail vein injection of the putative therapeutic AAV vector was initiated at the same time as the HCD was initiated. Cao M, et al., 2015; Zhu H, et al., JTM 2014; Zhu H, et al., Plos One 2014; Cao M, et al., 2011; Khan J A, et al., 2011; Khan J A, et al., 2010; Dandapat A, et al., BBRC, 2007; Dandapat A, et al., Gene Ther, 2007; Liu Y, et al., 2005. Hence, testing of a vector's therapeutic effect when present from day 0 through week 20 may be more accurately described as a prevention model as opposed to a treatment model.

This previous mouse model design of administering therapy at the same time as initiating the HCD is not representative of the clinical setting where human patients are first diagnosed and then treated. Patients typically seek medical intervention when they are symptomatic, and are likely to have significant and established vascular pathology. An animal treatment model that more closely mimics this clinical situation was developed in which mice are maintained on a HCD for several months prior to the administration of the therapeutic vector (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7).

AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector was tested using the experimental design shown in FIG. 4B. This therapeutic-focused study differed from the animal expression study of Example 3 and FIG. 4A by allowing for a 12-week HCD-induced pathology accumulation period before therapeutic intervention. Three groups of eight-week old LDLR-KO mice were used in a 20-week study. Group 1 was a negative control group of untreated LDLR-KO mice maintained on a normal diet (ND) from day 0 to week 20 (n=3). Groups 2 and 3 each received the HCD diet from day 0 through week 20. However, the AAV vector injection was delayed until week 12 to allow for HCD-induced pathology to accumulate. At week 12, Group 2 received the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry vector (disease positive control) (n=9) and Group 3 received the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector (experimental group) (n=9) at a titer of 1×10¹¹ viral encapsidated genomes (eg)/mL via tail vein injection of 200 uL virus per mouse, followed by two booster injections at an interval of approximately 2 days. The high cholesterol diet (HCD) comprised 4% cholesterol and 10% Coco butter. The animals were assessed for therapeutic effects against HCD-induced atherosclerosis by high resolution ultrasound using VisualSonics Vevo2100 at 20 weeks. Thereafter, the mice were euthanized by overdose of 1% pentobarbital, and tissues harvested for other analyses.

The relative expression of FOXP3(P1) in liver (FIG. 8A) and heart (FIG. 8B) and of IL10 in liver (FIG. 8C) and heart (FIG. 8D) in Group 2 and Group 3 animals receiving AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry and AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10, respectively was determined at week 20 (8 weeks after vector administration). Relative expression of the FOX3(P1) and IL10 mRNA was determined by quantitative, reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Total mRNA was extracted from liver and heart tissue using Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany) and cDNA was reversely transcribed. The qRT-PCR system and data analysis were performed in accordance with Yang A T, et al. The primers used are listed in Table 4, below. The forward FoxP3(P1) primer is specific for FoxP3 and the reverse primer is specific for the FoxP1 leucine zipper/zinc finger region. FoxP3(P1) and IL10 expression was normalized to expression of GAPDH.

TABLE 4 Primers for real-time PCR Gene Primers FoxP3(P1) Forward 5′-AAAGATAGTACGTTGTCCGCAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37) Reverse 5′-ATTTGCACCCTGCATTGCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38) IL10 Forward 5′-TCTGTGCTGCCTCGTGCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39) Reverse 5′-TCTGACAGAGCCTGGCACCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40) mGAPDH Forward 5′-TCCACTCACGGCAAATTCAAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41) Reverse 5′-CGCTCCTGGAAGATGGTGATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42)

As shown in FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D, the presence of FoxP3(P1) and IL10 mRNA was observed in liver and heart tissue of mice injected with AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 (Group 3), but not in mice treated with AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry (Group 2). All data were expressed as means±SD (*P<0.05).

Total plasma cholesterol (TC, FIG. 9A), triglycerides (TG, FIG. 9B), low-density lipoproteins (LDL, FIG. 9C), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL, FIG. 9D) were measured at 20 weeks for each of Groups 1-3 mice using an automated chemistry analyzer (AU480, Olympus, Japan). As shown in FIG. 9, blood lipid levels were high in both groups on HCD (Groups 2 and 3) compared to the ND control group (Group 1). The AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAG-mCherry (Group 2) and AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 (Group 3) animal groups were statistically different from the ND control (Group 1) with respect to TC, LDL, and HDL. All data were expressed as means±SD (*P<0.05).

Animal weight was measured by digital scale. Liver enzyme and albumin levels were determined by automatic chemistry analyzer (AU480, Olympus, Japan) as a measure of potential immunological response to the transgenes and AAV capsid proteins. FIG. 10 shows that animal weight (FIG. 10A) and levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, FIG. 10B), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, FIG. 10C), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, FIG. 10D), and albumin (ALB, FIG. 10E) were statistically similar among all three animal groups suggesting no significant liver damage and no significant immune response to the transgenes or AAV8 capsid proteins at week 20 (8 weeks post-vector administration).

Example 7 Histological and Staining Analysis Following Treatment with AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10

Effects of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector compared to that of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry on the aorta challenged with a high cholesterol diet were considered. Entire aortas from the animals in each of Groups 1-3, including the aortic arches and the thoracic and abdominal regions, were removed for further analysis following euthanization of the animals by overdose with 1% pentobarbital. The aortas were flushed with saline solution.

Whole aortas were fixed in 10% buffered formalin before Oil Red 0 staining of triglycerides, lipids, and lipoproteins to identify atherosclerotic lesions, as previously described. Dandapat A, et al., Gene Therapy, 2007; Li D, et al., 2006. Unstained small animal aortas normally appear translucent, but show lipid deposition as white areas. The stained aortas were inspected under a dissecting microscope and any small pieces of adventitial fat that remained attached were removed very carefully without disturbing the aorta itself as well as the internal lipid accumulations (plaques). The stained aortas were photographed under natural light using a 10-megapixel digital camera (Nikon, Japan). Images of representative aortas stained with Oil Red 0 from each animal group are shown in FIG. 11A and enlargements of the aortic arch are shown in FIG. 11B. More numerous areas of red color appear in both the aortic arch (FIG. 11B) and in the descending aorta (FIG. 11A) of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry vector-treated mice fed a HCD (Group 2) compared to control mice receiving a normal diet and no vector (Group 1) or AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated mice fed a HCD (Group 3).

For histological staining, aortas were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated using sucrose, and embedded in OCT (Sakura, USA). Representative histologic sections from each of the three animal groups were Oil Red 0/hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained (FIG. 11C) as well as simple H&E stained (FIG. 11D). The AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry vector-treated group fed a HCD (Group 2) showed much higher levels of red staining indicating more atherosclerotic plaque formation than either the normal diet control mice (Group 1) or the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated mice fed a HCD (Group 3), suggesting a therapeutic effect from FOXP3(P1)-IL10 gene delivery. Simple H&E stained sections showed similar results.

Example 8

High Resolution Ultrasound Analysis Following Administration of AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FoxP3(P1)-IL10 to an Animal Model of Established and Ongoing Atherosclerosis

Blood velocity is used as a general indicator of vascular health. For example, high blood velocity can be indicative of disease resulting from vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerotic plaques. High resolution ultrasound (HRUS) imaging was used to measure blood velocity and aorta wall thickness, as a measurement of therapeutic effect between the three animal groups at week 20: the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated experimental group (Group 3), the ND negative control group (Group 1), and the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry disease positive control group (Group 2).

The animals were fasted for 8 hours before ultrasound imaging using a Fujifilm VisualSonic Vevo2100 (Toronto, Canada) high-resolution imaging system with an RMV 70B transducer and having a center frequency of 30 MHz. The mice were anesthetized using 1.5% isoflurane (Isothesia, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA) with oxygen. The abdominal and thoracic region hair was removed by chemical hair remover (Veet, USA). The mice were laid supine out on a thermostatically heated platform. A pre-warmed transducing gel (Medline Industries, Inc., Mundelein, USA) was spread over the skin as a coupling medium for more accurate measurements. Image acquisition was started on B-mode and images of aortic arch, thoracic, and abdominal region of aorta were recorded. Then, aorta wall thickness of aorta arch, thoracic and abdominal region of aorta were scanned on M-mode. Next, the scan head probe was turned 90° for a short-axis view to visualize the cross-sectional area of the aorta. Measurement of the flow velocity, orientation of the abdominal aorta by ultrasound, was accomplished by tilting the platform and the head of mouse down with the transducer probe towards the feet and tail of the mouse. This positioning resulted in the Doppler angle to be less than 60° for accurate measurements of blood flow velocity in the pulse-wave Doppler (PW) mode within aorta arch and abdominal aorta. Off-line measurements and data analysis were performed using the Vevo2100 Analytical Software. The complete imaging for each mouse lasted for about 25-30 min.

Blood flow velocities in the luminal center of the aorta were measured by HRUS and representative images from the analysis were captured (FIG. 12). The systolic blood velocity (systolic pulse wave velocity) in the aortic arch of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry animals maintained on a HCD (Group 2; 676±94 mm/sec) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the negative control animals maintained on a ND (Group 1; 532±133 mm/sec), indicating the presence of vascular pathology in the disease group. Moreover, the aortic arch systolic blood velocity of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated experimental animals maintained on a HCD (Group 3; 549±73 mm/sec) was about 70% lower (p<0.05) than the disease positive control group (Group 2) and nearly reached the blood velocity level of the ND negative control group (Group 1). All data were given as means±SD (*P<0.05).

FIG. 13 shows that the systolic blood velocity (systolic pulse wave velocity) in the abdominal region of the aorta among animal groups. The abdominal aortic systolic blood velocity of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry animals maintained on a HCD (Group 2; 681±129 mm/sec) was significantly higher than the negative control animals maintained on a ND (Group 1; 418±88 mm/sec), indicative of vascular pathology in the disease group. Moreover, the abdominal aortic systolic blood velocity of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated experimental animals maintained on a HCD (Group 3; 495±78 mm/sec) was about 63% lower (p<0.05) than the disease positive control group (Group 2) and nearly reached the blood velocity level of the ND negative control group (Group 1). All data were given as means±SD (*P<0.05).

HRUS was used to image and measure the cross-sectional area of the thoracic region of the aortas of each animal group (FIG. 14). The cross-sectional area of the lumens of the aortas was significantly smaller in the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry disease positive control group (Group 2; 0.84±0.11 mm²) compared to the ND negative control group (Group 1; 1.47±0.22 mm²), which is consistent with the higher systolic blood velocity observed in the disease group. In addition, the cross-sectional area of the lumens of the aortas was significantly larger in the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated experimental group (Group 3; 1.00±0.17 mm²) than the disease positive control group (Group 2). That observation is also consistent with the lower blood velocity observed in the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated group. All data were given as means±SD (*P<0.05).

HRUS was used to image and measure the wall thickness of the aorta arch region (FIG. 15). The images included in FIG. 15 are representative of those captured during the analysis. The aortic wall thickness of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry disease positive control group (Group 2; 0.54±0.88 mm) was significantly thicker than the ND negative control group (Group 1; 0.21±0.02 mm), consistent with the presence of vascular pathology in the disease group. Notably, the aortic wall thickness of the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated experimental group (Group 3; 0.38±0.10 mm) was significantly thinner than the disease positive control group (Group 2). All data were given as means±SD (*P<0.05).

The HRUS analysis for systolic blood velocity, lumen cross sectional area, and wall thickness showed significantly less vascular pathology for the FOXP3(P1)-IL10 AAV vector-treated animals maintained on a HCD (Group 3) compared to the animals maintained on a HCD diet and administered the FLAG-mCherry AAV vector (Group 2). The lower systolic blood velocities (FIG. 12 and FIG. 13), larger aortic lumens (FIG. 14), and thinner aortic wall thickness (FIG. 15) observed among the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-FOXP3(P1)-IL10 vector-treated animals maintained on a HCD (Group 3) evidences significantly less overall vascular pathology compared to the AAV2/8.eNOXpr-3xFLAGmCherry animals maintained on a HCD (Group 2). These results are consistent with histological studies described in Example 7. Overall, these data suggest that FOXP3(P1)-IL10 gene delivery was therapeutically efficacious in a mouse model of established and ongoing atherosclerosis.

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EQUIVALENTS

The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the embodiments. The foregoing description and Examples detail certain embodiments and describes the best mode contemplated by the inventors. It will be appreciated, however, that no matter how detailed the foregoing may appear in text, the embodiment may be practiced in many ways and should be construed in accordance with the appended claims and any equivalents thereof.

As used herein, the term about refers to a numeric value, including, for example, whole numbers, fractions, and percentages, whether or not explicitly indicated. The term about generally refers to a range of numerical values (e.g., +/−5-10% of the recited range) that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value (e.g., having the same function or result). When terms such as at least and about precede a list of numerical values or ranges, the terms modify all of the values or ranges provided in the list. In some instances, the term about may include numerical values that are rounded to the nearest significant figure. 

1.-73. (canceled)
 74. An isolated variant FOXP polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of a FOXP3 polypeptide, wherein a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the FOXP3 polypeptide has been replaced with a zinc finger and leucine zipper region of a FOXP1 polypeptide.
 75. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of claim 74, wherein the amino acid sequence of the FOXP3 polypeptide is a human sequence and the zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the FOXP1 polypeptide is a human sequence.
 76. The isolated variant FOXP polypeptide of claim 74, wherein the amino acid sequence of the FOXP3 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and the zinc finger and leucine zipper region of the FOXP1 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 27. 77. An isolated variant FOXP3 polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 97% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 28. 78. An isolated variant FOXP3 polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 28. 79. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 74. 80. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 77. 81. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 78. 82. An isolated contiguous nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first therapeutic polypeptide and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second therapeutic polypeptide, wherein the first therapeutic polypeptide comprises the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 74. 83. An isolated contiguous nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first therapeutic polypeptide and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second therapeutic polypeptide, wherein the first therapeutic polypeptide comprises the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 77. 84. An isolated contiguous nucleic acid comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding a first therapeutic polypeptide and a second nucleic acid sequence encoding a second therapeutic polypeptide, wherein the first therapeutic polypeptide comprises the variant FOXP polypeptide of claim
 78. 85. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 82, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is a cytokine, a growth factor, or a chemokine.
 86. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 83, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is a cytokine, a growth factor, or a chemokine.
 87. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 84, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is a cytokine, a growth factor, or a chemokine.
 88. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 82, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is an IL10 polypeptide.
 89. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 83, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is an IL10 polypeptide.
 90. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 84, wherein the second therapeutic polypeptide is an IL10 polypeptide.
 91. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 79, wherein the nucleic acid sequence encoding the FOXP polypeptide is operatively linked to a promoter.
 92. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 91, wherein the promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 93. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 91, wherein the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter or a pathology-specific promoter.
 94. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 91, wherein the promoter is activated by sheer stress or dyslipidemia.
 95. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 91, wherein the promoter is activated by Angiotensin-2 (Ang II), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), or carbamylated LDL.
 96. (canceled)
 97. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 82, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence and the second nucleic acid sequence are operatively linked to a promoter.
 98. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 82, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to a first promoter and the second nucleic acid sequence is operatively linked to a second promoter.
 99. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 97, wherein the promoter is a constitutive promoter.
 100. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 97, wherein the promoter is a tissue-specific promoter or a pathology-specific promoter.
 101. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 97, wherein the promoter is activated by sheer stress or dyslipidemia.
 102. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 97, wherein the promoter is activated by Angiotensin-2 (Ang II), Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), or carbamylated LDL.
 103. (canceled)
 104. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 91, wherein the promoter comprises at least one NFκB binding site, at least one Oct1 binding site, or at least one NFκB binding site and at least one Oct1 binding site.
 105. The isolated nucleic acid of claim 97, wherein the promoter comprises at least one NFκB binding site, at least one Oct1 binding site, or at least one NFκB binding site and at least one Oct1 binding site. 